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Plástico de tereftalato de polietileno (PET) é popularmente conhecido como plástico transparente. É usado para fabricar garrafas de água e refrigerante. Atualmente, setenta por cento de refrigerantes (bebidas carbonatadas, bebidas destiladas e dilatáveis, sucos de frutas e água engarrafada) estão sendo embalados em PET garrafas plásticas . O restante (30%) vem principalmente em garrafas de vidro, latas de metal e caixas.
A reciclabilidade do PET é a qualidade mais marcante. É 100% reciclável e é mundialmente conhecido como um material seguro, não tóxico, forte, leve e flexível.
Nos Estados Unidos, as empresas de reciclagem conseguem recuperar cerca de 1,3 milhões de libras. garrafas de uso único de plástico de garrafa de PET cada por. Eles os usam (garrafas recuperadas) para fins de reciclagem. Consequentemente, a garrafa PET tornou-se o produto mais reciclável na América.
A PET pode ser identificada pelo número “1” no pequeno símbolo triangular que é moldado na parte inferior ou lateral do recipiente.
O PET pode ser recuperado e reciclado por tempo ilimitado, lavando e refundindo novamente ou quebrando quimicamente. Estes PETs são usados para o novo produto.
Alguns PETs são incapazes de reciclar. Porque eles são tão anti-higiênicos que não podem ser purificados. Estes são queimados com segurança. Esses queimadores de PET são uma das principais fontes de energia. Eles são chamados de “Reciclagem Térmica”.
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Aplicação de PET
Para produzir garrafa e container, PET é usado como matéria-prima. Ele é usado para a produção de garrafas plásticas de água e refrigerante, embalagens de alimentos para bolos, frutas cortadas e saladas e embalagens de blister e garra para cosméticos, lâminas de barbear e brinquedos.
Ele também pode ser usado em recipientes para manteiga de amendoim, xampu e molhos de salada e para carpetes, roupas, sacos de dormir e muito,
PET é reciclado em uma nova cinta industrial, peças automotivas, materiais de construção, até mesmo o feltro para bolas de tênis e latas de bola de tênis.
Em suma, é aplicado para fabricar um grande número de recipientes utilizados para embalar produtos alimentares e bens de consumo. Portanto, é considerado o consumidor mais comum plástico .
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Recolha de PET
É uma tarefa desafiadora coletar garrafas PET para reciclagem. Não há sistema coletor uniforme. Diferentes países e diferentes agências seguem diversos modelos de coleta. A parte mais desafiadora é criar consciência entre as pessoas. A autoridade em questão enfrenta uma situação crítica para organizar um sistema coletivo de resíduos domésticos.
Os consumidores descartam embalagens PET após o uso. Isso é chamado de “PET pós-consumidor” pelas indústrias de reciclagem.
Agências diferentes, incluindo o governo local, começam a coletar “PET pós-consumo”. Os PET são separados dos outros resíduos domésticos. Em alguns países, contêineres separados são fornecidos para manter o PET.
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Como a coleta de PET pode ser aumentada?
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Devem ser feitas tentativas para aumentar continuamente a conscientização dos consumidores sobre a importância da coleta de garrafas PET.
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Todos os canais de comunicação direta, como o selo, anúncios, internet e eventos patrocinados, para disseminar mensagens educativas devem ser utilizados.
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As campanhas de associação pública e profissional que visam incentivar a coleta de garrafas devem ser reforçadas.
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As comunidades locais devem estar empenhadas em trabalhar continuamente para melhorar a capacidade de coleta, além das iniciativas do governo local e das associações profissionais
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São necessários esforços coordenados com as autoridades públicas para melhorar o atual esquema de coleta ou iniciar um novo programa.
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Seleção de PET
Após a coleta dos PETs, estes são acumulados no centro autorizado ou entregues aos vendedores originais.
Eles levam o PET pós-consumo coletado para o centro de reciclagem. O centro de reciclagem é conhecido como instalações de recuperação de materiais (MRF).
Os funcionários da MRF começam a classificar e separar o PET de outros materiais, objetos (feitos de PVC, HDPE, polipropileno, etc.) como plásticos rígidos. Os PETs também estão separados desse plástico flexível que é usado produzindo sacos de polietileno de baixa densidade. Beba caixas, vidro etc -aquela são feitos de não PET são separados completamente.
Às vezes, a separação pode ser realizada com base nas frações de cor. O PET pós-consumidor é classificado em diferentes frações de cor: PET transparente ou incolor, PET colorido azul e verde eo restante em uma fração mista de cores.
Garrafas de bebidas plásticas são muitas vezes produzidos através de uma mistura de polímeros, tipicamente uma mistura de PET e PP ou PVC. Vários métodos são aplicados para a separação.
Para separar o PET de qualquer PP na garrafa, é utilizada a técnica de separação “sink-float”. O PET é mais denso que o PP, com densidades específicas de 1,43-1,45 g / cm3 e 0,93 a 0,95g / cm3, de forma que o PET afunda em um tanque de água. Pelo contrário, o PP irá flutuar. Desta forma, a separação pode ser feita.
Infelizmente, quando PET é misturado com PVC, pode ser muito difícil separar um do outro. Eles têm gravidade específica semelhante e também se parecem com o olho humano.
Como uma pequena quantidade de PVC em um lote de PET pode arruinar o derretimento, é obrigatório separar o PVC. Neste caso, as técnicas de Radiação de Infravermelho Próximo (NIR) podem ser usadas. Mas os plásticos de cores escuras absorvem a radiação; portanto, a distinção não pode ser feita.
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O polietileno tereftalato (PET) é um plástico de uso geral. É fabricado por policondensação de PTA com etilenoglicol (EG). Este material pertence a inúmeras propriedades maravilhosas, por exemplo, resistência ao calor e ao frio, transparência, qualidades elétricas, prova química e à prova de abrasão. Consequentemente, uma ampla variedade de aplicações nas fibras, garrafa PET e filmes são identificados.
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O PET é um polímero termoplástico. Pode ser opaca e transparente, dependendo da composição exata do material.
O PET é produzido a partir de hidrocarbonetos de petróleo. É necessária uma reação entre etilenoglicol e ácido tereftálico.
Inicialmente, o PET é polimerizado para criar longas cadeias moleculares. É necessário produzir garrafas plásticas.
A polimerização é um procedimento complexo. Existem dois tipos de impurezas que são produzidas durante a polimerização. Estes são dietilenoglicol e acetaldeído.
Geralmente, o Dietilenoglicol geralmente não é produzido em quantidades suficientemente altas para afetar o PET, mas o acetaldeído pode ser produzido não apenas durante a polimerização, mas também durante o processo de fabricação da garrafa.
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Depois de fabricar o plástico, é hora de fabricar a garrafa. O processo de fabricação da garrafa é o seguinte.
O estiramento por sopro é o primeiro passo do processo de fabricação de garrafas. O PET é aquecido e colocado em um molde, onde assume a forma de um tubo longo e fino. O processo pelo qual o plástico é forçado a entrar no molde é chamado de moldagem por injeção.
O tubo de PET (chamado de parison) é então transferido para um segundo molde em forma de garrafa.
Uma haste de aço fino (chamada de mandril) é deslizada dentro do parison onde ela enche o parison com ar extremamente pressurizado, e a moldagem por sopro por estiramento é iniciada. Consequentemente, o parison é soprado e esticado no molde por causa do ar pressurizado, calor e pressão e, finalmente, assume uma forma de garrafa.
O molde precisa ser resfriado de forma relativamente rápida para que o componente recém-formado seja ajustado corretamente.
Existem dois tipos de métodos de resfriamento. Eles são diretos e indiretos. Eles podem efetivamente esfriar o molde e o plástico.
Método direto refere-se ao uso de ar pressurizado ou dióxido de carbono diretamente no molde e no plástico. Por outro lado, no método indireto, a água pode ser percorrida por canos ao redor do molde, o que esfria o molde e o plástico.
Quando a garrafa é resfriada e colocada, ela fica pronta para ser removida do molde.
Se um processo contínuo de moldagem for usado, as garrafas precisarão ser separadas aparando o plástico. Se um método de moldagem não contínua for usado, às vezes, o excesso de plástico pode penetrar no molde durante a fabricação e exigirá o recorte.
Como a garrafa é removida do molde e o excesso de plástico é removido, as garrafas estão prontas para o transporte.
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Geralmente, o PET é fácil de ser reciclado, uma vez que a cadeia polimérica se rompe a uma temperatura relativamente baixa. Isso permite que o PET seja reciclado vezes ilimitadas antes de se tornar inutilizável. Apenas a contaminação pode reduzir o número de ciclos de “circuito fechado” do PET.
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Etapas da reciclagem de PET
Embora toda a indústria de PET não use um processo uniforme de reciclagem do PET, as etapas gerais da reciclagem de PET são as seguintes.[/fusion_text][fusion_checklist icon=”fa-google-drive fab” iconcolor=”” circle=”” circlecolor=”” size=”” divider=”” divider_color=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=””][fusion_li_item icon=””]
Inicialmente, as garrafas são separadas manualmente e os materiais indesejados são removidos. Como resultado, apenas garrafas são deixadas. Às vezes, as garrafas podem ser classificadas usando um sistema automatizado.
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Em seguida, as garrafas são limpas para remover qualquer líquido ou sujeira residual. Isso ajuda a evitar a contaminação.
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Depois disso, as garrafas são classificadas por técnicas de radiação infravermelha, para definir o tipo de polímero aqui apresentado.
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Quando as garrafas são classificadas por cor – tradicionalmente azul, natural, verde e mista – agrega valor adicional ao plástico.
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Em seguida, as garrafas são trituradas em flocos, que depois são lavadas novamente. Alternativamente, o passo de trituração é saltado e as garrafas são derretidas e reformadas em uma forma diferente.
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Finalmente, o plástico triturado é derretido para produzir granulados de plástico, ou pelotas.
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A garrafa PET é segura ou não?
Quando as garrafas de plástico são feitos de polietileno tereftalato (PET), são seguros e reutilizáveis. Eles geralmente têm um número de identificação de plástico (PIN) # 1. Os números de identificação de plástico reutilizáveis são # 2, # 4, # 5.
Existem sete números de identificação plásticos (PICs). Cada um deles contém informações sobre reutilização e reciclagem. Esses são
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# 1 – PET (polietileno tereftalato)
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# 2 – HDPE (Polietileno de Alta Densidade)
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# 3 – PVC (policloreto de vinila)
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# 4 – LDPE (Polietileno de Baixa Densidade)
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# 5 – PP (polipropileno)
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# 6 – PS (poliestireno)
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# 7 = outros
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Os benefícios ambientais da reciclagem de PET
PET tornou-se uma substância extremamente útil e seu uso disparou nos últimos anos. Como o mercado de água engarrafada aumentou, as demandas de PET também aumentaram simultaneamente.
Na Grã-Bretanha, aproximadamente 15 milhões de plástico garrafas estão sendo usadas todos os dias.11% do lixo doméstico é plastic , e cerca de 40% disso são garrafas plásticas.
Para produzir um volume de uma garrafa PET, o consumo de energia é de cerca de 5,4 MJ / litro. É muito menos que vidro ou alumínio.
A reciclagem de PET ajuda a diminuir a dependência de petróleo e gás. Também reduz o desperdício de aterros e diminui as emissões de gases de efeito estufa na atmosfera.
Cerca de 4% do petróleo mundial é utilizado para fazer todos os <https://www.earthsquad.global/pt-pt/plastic-recycling-all-you-need-to-know plástico . No Reino Unido, 37% do plástico é usado para fazer embalagens. Dessas embalagens, apenas 1,2% das embalagens plásticas são usadas para fazer PET garrafas de bebidas plásticas .
A indústria de PET está constantemente procurando maneiras de reduzir o uso da quantidade de água. Ele usa uma pequena quantidade de água em seus processos de fabricação.[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”1_1″ layout=”1_1″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”set_block” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” undefined=”” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]
Conclusão
Os blocos básicos de construção do PET são etilenoglicol e ácido tereftálico. Eles são combinados para formar pellets de PET. Mais claramente, quando as duas matérias-primas do PET são acumuladas sob altas temperaturas e baixa pressão de vácuo, longas cadeias do polímero são formadas.
Embora anteriormente, PET garrafas plásticas de água têm sido considerados seguros, pelo menos no que diz respeito à saúde humana, novas evidências sugerem que o PET, ou o tereftalato de polietileno, podem não ser tão seguros como o considerado.
PET é um dos plásticos mais utilizados em produtos de consumo. É usado para produzir a maioria das garrafas de água e pop e algumas embalagens. O plástico PET é complicado para descontaminar. Limpeza adequada requer arrancar substâncias químicas prejudiciais.
O plástico PET é reciclável. Cerca de 25% das garrafas PET nos EUA estão sendo recicladas hoje em dia. O plástico é triturado e então picado em pequenos flocos. Esses flocos são então reprocessados para produzir novas garrafas PET ou transformadas em fibras de poliéster.
Esta fibra reciclada é usada para criar têxteis, como roupas de lã, tapetes, enchimento para travesseiros e coletes salva-vidas e produtos similares.
Na perspectiva ambiental, o PET é mais ecologicamente correto, pois há uma baixa quantidade de água e óleo usados na produção de garrafas PET. Além disso, uma grande quantidade de aterros está sendo salva dessa maneira. Além disso, ajuda a conduzir um procedimento adequado de gerenciamento de resíduos. Como a gestão de resíduos é uma das questões candentes no planejamento urbano atual, a reciclagem do PET imputa o ser humano, os prefeitos da cidade e os comissários e outras autoridades envolvidas, até certo ponto, no gerenciamento de resíduos.
[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=””][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”1_1″ layout=”1_1″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]
Referências
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PET_bottle_recycling
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate
https://www.ecostarplastics.com/pet-101/pet/
http://www.bpf.co.uk/Sustainability/pet_plastic_bottles_facts_not_myths.aspx
http://www.petresin.org/recycling.asp[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=””][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”1_1″ layout=”1_1″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_separator style_type=”single solid” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” sep_color=”rgba(193,25,120,0.73)” top_margin=”5%” bottom_margin=”5%” border_size=”” icon=”” icon_circle=”” icon_circle_color=”” width=”25%” alignment=”center” /][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”1_1″ layout=”1_1″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]
Surf em …
[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”1_1″ layout=”1_1″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_blog layout=”medium alternate” blog_grid_columns=”” blog_grid_column_spacing=”” blog_masonry_grid_ratio=”” blog_masonry_width_double=”” equal_heights=”no” number_posts=”6″ offset=”0″ pull_by=”category” cat_slug=”” exclude_cats=”” tag_slug=”” exclude_tags=”” orderby=”date” order=”DESC” thumbnail=”yes” title=”yes” title_link=”yes” excerpt=”” excerpt_length=”10″ strip_html=”yes” meta_all=”yes” meta_author=”yes” meta_categories=”yes” meta_comments=”no” meta_date=”no” meta_link=”yes” meta_tags=”no” scrolling=”pagination” grid_box_color=”” grid_element_color=”” grid_separator_style_type=”” grid_separator_color=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” /][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=””][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”1_1″ layout=”1_2″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic is popularly known as the clear plastic. It is used to manufacture water and soda bottle. At present, seventy percent soft drinks (carbonated drinks, still and dilatable drinks, fruit juices and bottled water) are being packaged in PET plastic bottles. The rest (30 percent) comes mainly in glass bottles, metal cans, and cartons.
PET’s recyclability is the most outstanding quality. It is 100% recyclable and it is globally known as a safe, non-poisonous, strong, lightweight and flexible material.
In the United States, the recycling companies are able to recover about 1.3 million pounds PET bottle each per. They use them (recovered bottles) for recycling purpose. Consequently, the PET bottle has become the most recyclable product in America.
PET can be identified by the number “1” in the small triangular symbol that is molded into the bottom or side of the container.
PET can be recovered and recycled unlimited time thorough washing and re-melting or by chemically breaking down. These PETs are used for the new product.
Some PETs are unable to recycle. Because they are so unhygienic that cannot be purified. These are burned safely. Those burning PETs are one of the major sources of energy. They are called “Thermal Recycling’.
[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=””][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”1_1″ layout=”1_1″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]
How PET collection can be increased?
[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=””][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”1_1″ layout=”1_1″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_checklist icon=”fa-google-drive fab” iconcolor=”” circle=”” circlecolor=”” size=”” divider=”” divider_color=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=””][fusion_li_item icon=””]Attempts must be taken to continuously raise consumer awareness on the importance of PET bottle collection.[/fusion_li_item][fusion_li_item icon=””]All direct communication channels such as the label, advertisements, internet and sponsored events, to disseminate educational messages must be utilized.[/fusion_li_item][fusion_li_item icon=””]The public and the professional association campaigns that aim to encourage bottle collection must be bolstered.[/fusion_li_item][fusion_li_item icon=””]Local Communities must be engaged in continuously working to improve collection capacity besides the local government and professional associations initiatives[/fusion_li_item][fusion_li_item icon=””]Coordinated efforts with public authorities are necessary to improve the current collection scheme or initiate a new program.[/fusion_li_item][/fusion_checklist][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”https://www.earthsquad.global/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/petter-rudwall-493-unsplash.jpg” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”fixed” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”30px” margin_bottom=”30px” padding_top=”70px” padding_right=”70px” padding_bottom=”70px” padding_left=”70px”][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”1_1″ layout=”1_1″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”rgba(232,215,213,0.88)” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” undefined=”” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”25px” padding_right=”25px” padding_bottom=”25px” padding_left=”25px” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]
Sorting of PET
After collecting the PETs, these are accumulated in authorized center or handed over to the original sellers.
They take the collected post-consumer PET to the recycling center. The recycling center is known as materials recovery facilities (MRF).
MRF employees start to sort and separate the PET from other materials, objects (made of PVC, HDPE, polypropylene etc like) rigid plastics. The PETs are also separated from that flexible plastic which is used producing low-density polyethylene bags. Drink cartons, glass etc -those are made of non PET -are separated completely.
Sometimes, separation may be conducted on the basis of color fractions. The post-consumer PET is sorted into different color fractions: transparent or uncolored PET, blue and green colored PET, and the remainder into a mixed colors fraction.
Plastic drinks bottles are often produced through a mixture of polymers, typically a mix of PET and PP or PVC. Numerous methods are applied for the separation.
To separate PET from any PP in the bottle, ‘sink-float’ separation technique is used. PET is denser than PP, with respective specific densities of 1.43-1.45 g/cm3 and .93-.95g/cm3, so PET will sink in a tank of water. On the contrary, PP will float. In this way, separation can be made.
Unfortunately, when PET is mixed with PVC, it can be very difficult to separate one from another. They have similar specific gravities and also look similar to the human eye.
Since a small amount of PVC in a batch of PET can ruin a melt, it is obligatory to separate the PVC. In this case, Near Infrared Radiation (NIR) techniques can be used. But darkly colored plastics absorb the radiation; therefore, the distinction cannot be made.[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=””][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”1_1″ layout=”1_1″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_accordion type=”” boxed_mode=”” border_size=”1″ border_color=”” background_color=”” hover_color=”” divider_line=”” icon_size=”” icon_color=”” icon_boxed_mode=”” icon_alignment=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=””][fusion_toggle title=”PET Production Process” open=”no”]Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a general-purpose plastic. It is manufactured by polycondensation of PTA with ethylene glycol (EG). This material belongs to numerous marvelous properties, for instance, resistance to heat and cold, transparency, electrical qualities, chemical proof and abrasion proof. Consequently, a wide variety of applications in the fibers, PET bottle and films are identified.[/fusion_toggle][fusion_toggle title=”Composition of PET” open=”no”]
PET is a thermoplastic polymer. It can be both opaque and transparent, depending on the exact material composition.
PET is produced from petroleum hydrocarbons. A reaction between ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid is required.
At first, the PET is polymerized to create long molecular chains. It is necessary to produce plastic bottles.
Polymerization is a complex procedure. There are two types of impurities are produced during polymerization. These are diethylene glycol and acetaldehyde.
Generally, Diethylene glycol is generally not produced in high-enough amounts to affect PET but acetaldehyde can be produced not only during polymerization but also during the bottle manufacturing process.
[/fusion_toggle][fusion_toggle title=”PET Bottle Manufacturing Process” open=”no”]After manufacturing the plastic, it is high time to manufacture bottle. The bottle manufacturing process is as follow.
Stretch blow molding is the first step of bottle manufacturing process. The PET is heated and placed in a mold, where it assumes the shape of a long thin tube. The process by which the plastic is forced into the mold is called injection molding.
The tube of PET (called a parison) is then transferred into a second, bottle-shaped mold.
A thin steel rod (called a mandrel) is slid inside the parison where it fills the parison with extremely pressurized air, and stretch blow molding starts. Consequently, the parison is blown and stretched into the mold because of the pressurized air, heat, and pressure, and finally, assumes a bottle shape.
The mold needs to be cooled relatively quickly so that the newly formed component is set properly.
There are two types of cooling methods. They are direct and indirect. They can effectively cool the mold and the plastic.
Direct method refers to using pressurized air or carbon dioxide directly on the mold and plastic. On the other hand, in the indirect method, water can be coursed through pipes surrounding the mold, which cools the mold and plastic.
When the bottle is cooled and set, it becomes ready to be removed from the mold.
If a continuous molding process is used, the bottles will need to be separated by trimming the plastic. If a non-continuous molding method is used, sometimes excess plastic can seep into the mold during manufacturing and will require trimming.
Since the bottle is removed from the mold and excess plastic is removed, the bottles are ready for transportation.[/fusion_toggle][fusion_toggle title=”PET Recycling” open=”no”]
Generally, PET is easy to be recycled since the polymer chain breaks down at a relatively low temperature. This allows PET to be recycled unlimited times before it becomes unusable. Only contamination can reduce the number of ‘closed loop’ cycles of the PET.
[/fusion_toggle][/fusion_accordion][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=””][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”1_1″ layout=”1_1″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]
Steps of PET Recycling
Although all PET industry does not use a uniform process of recycling the PET, the general steps of PET recycling are as follows.[/fusion_text][fusion_checklist icon=”fa-google-drive fab” iconcolor=”” circle=”” circlecolor=”” size=”” divider=”” divider_color=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=””][fusion_li_item icon=””]At first, bottles are sorted by hand and unwanted materials are removed. As a result, only bottles are left. Sometimes, the bottles can be sorted using an automated system.[/fusion_li_item][fusion_li_item icon=””]Then the bottles are cleaned to remove any residual liquid or dirt. It helps to prevent contamination.[/fusion_li_item][fusion_li_item icon=””]After that the bottles are sorted infrared radiation techniques, to define the type of polymers presented here.[/fusion_li_item][fusion_li_item icon=””]When bottles are sorted by color- traditionally blue, natural, green and mixed, it adds additional value to the plastic.[/fusion_li_item][fusion_li_item icon=””]Next, the bottles are shredded into flakes which are then washed again. Alternatively, the shredding step is skipped and the bottles are melted and reformed into a different shape.[/fusion_li_item][fusion_li_item icon=””]Finally, the shredded plastic is melted to produce plastic granulates, or pellets.[/fusion_li_item][/fusion_checklist][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=””][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”1_1″ layout=”1_1″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]
PET Bottle is Use Safe or not?
When the plastic bottles are made from polyethylene terephthalate (PET), these are safe and reusable. They have usually a Plastic Identification Number (PIN) #1. The reusable plastic identification numbers are #2, #4, #5.
There are seven Plastic Identification Numbers (PICs). Each of them contains reusing and recycling information. These are[/fusion_text][fusion_checklist icon=”fa-google-drive fab” iconcolor=”” circle=”” circlecolor=”” size=”” divider=”” divider_color=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=””][fusion_li_item icon=””]#1 – PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate)[/fusion_li_item][fusion_li_item icon=””]#2 – HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene)[/fusion_li_item][fusion_li_item icon=””]#3 – PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride)[/fusion_li_item][fusion_li_item icon=””]#4 – LDPE (Low-Density Polyethylene)[/fusion_li_item][fusion_li_item icon=””]#5 – PP (Polypropylene)[/fusion_li_item][fusion_li_item icon=””]#6 – PS (Polystyrene)[/fusion_li_item][fusion_li_item icon=””]#7=others[/fusion_li_item][/fusion_checklist][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=””][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”1_1″ layout=”1_1″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”set_block” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” undefined=”” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]
The Environmental Benefits of Recycling PET
PET has become an extremely useful substance and its use has skyrocketed in the last few years. Since the market for bottled water has increased, the demands of PET also increased simultaneously.
In Britain, approximately 15 million plastic bottles are being used every day.11% of household waste is plastic, and around 40% of this is plastic bottles.
To produce one volume of a PET bottle, the energy consumption is around 5.4 MJ/ liter. It is a much less than glass or aluminum.
Recycling of PET helps to decrease the dependence on oil and gas. It also reduces landfill waste and diminishes greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere.
Around 4% of world oil is utilized to make all plastic. In the UK, 37% of plastic is used to make packaging. Of this packaging, only 1.2% of plastic packaging is used to make PET plastic drinks bottles.
The PET industry is constantly looking for ways to reduce the use of the amount of water. It uses a small amount of water in its manufacturing processes.[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”1_1″ layout=”1_1″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”set_block” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” undefined=”” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]
Conclusion
The basic building blocks of PET are ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid. They are combined to form pellets of PET. More clearly, when the two raw materials of PET are accumulated under high temperatures and low vacuum pressure, long chains of the polymer are formed.
Although previously, PET plastic water bottles have been considered as safe, at least as far as human health is concerned, new evidence suggests that PET, or polyethylene terephthalate may not be so safe as considered.
PET is one of the most commonly used plastics in consumer products. It is used in producing most water and pop bottles, and some packaging. PET plastic is complicated to decontaminate. Proper cleaning requires rooting out detrimental chemicals.
PET plastic is recyclable. About 25% of PET bottles in the US are being recycled nowadays. The plastic is crushed and then shredded into small flakes. These flakes are then reprocessed to produce new PET bottles or spun into polyester fiber.
This recycled fiber is used to create textiles such as fleece garments, carpets, stuffing for pillows and life jackets, and similar products.
In the environmental perspective, PET is more eco-friendly as there is a low amount of water and oil used in producing PET bottle. Moreover, a large amount of landfill is being saved in this way. In addition to, it helps to conduct a proper waste management procedure. As waste management is one of the burning issues in today’s urban planning, PET’s recyclability imputes the human being, the city mayors and the commissioners and other concerned authorities for some extent in waste management.[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=””][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”1_1″ layout=”1_1″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]
References
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PET_bottle_recycling
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate
https://www.ecostarplastics.com/pet-101/pet/
http://www.bpf.co.uk/Sustainability/pet_plastic_bottles_facts_not_myths.aspx
http://www.petresin.org/recycling.asp
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Surf on…
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