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From garbage to ecosystem: how the disastrous Fresh Kills landfill has become an avenue of public appreciation.
“Fresh Kills.” Mention it to any New Yorker, and they will tell you horror stories. They will describe the damage it has created and the smell it reeked. At a certain point, the world’s largest household item dump had begun endangering the very people who created it. But now, things are turning around for it with proposed plans to develop a public park open to all, blossoming on the decomposing garbage buried tenths of feet underneath.
[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”2_5″ layout=”2_5″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_image_id=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_imageframe image_id=”29704|full” max_width=”” style_type=”glow” blur=”” stylecolor=”” hover_type=”zoomin” bordersize=”” bordercolor=”” borderradius=”” align=”center” lightbox=”no” gallery_id=”” lightbox_image=”” lightbox_image_id=”” alt=”” link=”” linktarget=”_self” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=””]https://www.earthsquad.global/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/8-10.jpg[/fusion_imageframe][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” status=”published” publish_date=”” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=””][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”1_1″ layout=”1_1″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_image_id=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_title hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” content_align=”center” size=”3″ font_size=”” line_height=”” letter_spacing=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” text_color=”” style_type=”default” sep_color=”#bab8b8″]
What is Fresh Kills?
[/fusion_title][fusion_builder_row_inner][fusion_builder_column_inner type=”2_5″ layout=”2_5″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” hover_type=”none” link=”” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” dimension_margin=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no” border_position=”all”][fusion_imageframe image_id=”29560|full” max_width=”” style_type=”glow” blur=”” stylecolor=”” hover_type=”zoomin” bordersize=”” bordercolor=”” borderradius=”” align=”center” lightbox=”no” gallery_id=”” lightbox_image=”” lightbox_image_id=”” alt=”” link=”” linktarget=”_self” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=””]https://www.earthsquad.global/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/1-10.jpg[/fusion_imageframe][/fusion_builder_column_inner][fusion_builder_column_inner type=”3_5″ layout=”3_5″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” hover_type=”none” link=”” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” dimension_margin=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no” border_position=”all”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=””]Fresh Kills is a landfill covering the area of 2200 acres in Staten Island, NYC. It is significant because of its history and the future it is building for the area today.
Back in 1937, when New York’s municipal incinerators peaked in capacity with 21 plants set-up and running but then later, declined during WWI due to the conservation programs which reduced the use of combustibles, it resulted in the closing of some major incinerators in the region of NYC. Resulting in overfilling of the remaining landfills, alternative sites had to be established.[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column_inner][/fusion_builder_row_inner][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” status=”published” publish_date=”” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”https://www.earthsquad.global/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/3-12.jpg” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”fixed” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=””][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”3_5″ layout=”3_5″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_image_id=”” background_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0.89)” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” undefined=”” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”40px” padding_right=”25px” padding_bottom=”40px” padding_left=”25px” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”0px” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=””]Following this, in 1946 NYC purchased a, what was considered to be, ‘useless swamp land’ of about 2200 acres, then merely an agricultural area in Staten Island. The plan was to temporarily set up a landfill to relieve the pressures being put onto the other landfills in other boroughs of NYC with the closing of the Rikers Island landfill.
The landfill plan was established to serve 20 years, following a layering mechanism of garbage and ash to settle the potential smell. Once the 20 years were up the idea was to build real estate on top. By 1955, the Fresh Kills height was increased to 25-40 feet, becoming the world’s largest landfill for household garbage. This came with a storm of issues, quickly escalating into environmental disasters.[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”2_5″ layout=”2_5″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_image_id=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” status=”published” publish_date=”” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”40px” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=””][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”1_1″ layout=”1_1″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_image_id=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_title hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” content_align=”center” size=”3″ font_size=”” line_height=”” letter_spacing=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” text_color=”” style_type=”default” sep_color=”#bab8b8″]
How did it impact the area?
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During the operation of the landfill, issues arose, one being the tidal marsh that it lays upon. The subsoil underneath this plant consists of clay, sand and silt hence was a nurturing environment for wildlife, but due to the landfill, a monoculture of invasive phragmites spawned. It is a common reed, which effectively drove out all the native plant species in competition for space and minerals. Which killed any potential biodiversity previously being fostered in the fertile soil.
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Moreover, the dump became a health hazard for employees since their dogs roamed the dump, picking up bacteria and infections that were also transmitted by the abundance of rats that had begun living in it.
Furthermore, by the end of 1988, an environmental disaster known as the Syringe Tide washed up a lot of the garbage disposed of in this landfill site; raw waste and hypodermic syringes washing up onto the Jersey Shore and Long Island shore. It cost NYC $1M in pollution damage repair, and clean-up and a lot of the business in Jersey Shore lost out on uncompensated revenue from this disaster.
Overall, the landfill that relieved the over-filling of others ended up costing more than it’s set up had, causing substantial environmental disturbances and as well as external costs, paid by everyone in the region.
After the closing of the landfill in 2001, due to intense community pressure to do so. The landfills were covered with thick impermeable caps.
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What’s next for the former landfill?
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Today, Fresh Kills is being transformed into a public park. After all the tragedy it has caused and witnessed, a master plan has been put forward in how to proceed with the transformation of the former landfill. The once tallest mountain of garbage is now being reincarnated into a green space claimed to turn out “three times the size of Manhattan’s Central Park,” as claimed by the James Corner, the architect who is working with 45 city agencies now, to bring this project to life.
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As pointed out by Cat Field, a resident of the area who grew up by the landfill, “We shouldn’t have put the trash in there, but we did, now it’s time to see what we can do about it. So, let’s see what happens with it.”
While it is an excellent attempt at utilizing the lost land, the diversity that the area once fostered will never be redeemed, but a step in the right direction is being made and implemented by the borough of NYC to generate a new ecosystem, hopefully, one that can take off and flourish one day.
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A space blossoming not rotting but more importantly, a test-drive of the uses we could potentially implement for future landfill sites that reach over-capacity. Developing a method to sustainably give something back after taking so much from the Earth.
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References:
https://www.nycgovparks.org/park-features/freshkills-park
https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/oct/28/new-york-comes-clean-fresh-kills-staten-island-notorious-dumpsite
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_Kills_Landfill
https://www.citylab.com/solutions/2017/02/the-wild-comeback-of-new-yorks-legendary-landfill/516822/
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