受密度影响的欧盟回收

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Länder in der Europäischen Union haben unterschiedliche Bevölkerungsdichten, von den hochdichten Ländern Malta, Niederlande und Belgien bis hin zu den dünn besiedelten Gebieten Finnlands, Schweden und Estland. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass die Bevölkerungsdichte das Recycling-Ökosystem beeinflusst, da städtische, dicht besiedelte Gebiete dazu tendieren, besser zu sein mit: recycling . In dicht besiedelten Gebieten führen die Kosten für die Sammlung zu Skaleneffekten, die die logistischen Kosten für die Umsiedlung rechtfertigen  Abfall zu den Recycling- oder Verarbeitungszentren.

Dieser Artikel untersucht, wie logistische Herausforderungen von einigen der weniger dicht besiedelten Länder bewältigt werden. Außerdem werden einige bewährte Verfahren ermittelt, die die Kosteneffizienz von Recyclingprogrammen in ganz Europa erhöhen.

Wir beginnen mit dem am dichtesten besiedelten Land mit einem guten Datensatz über recycling das ist die Niederlande. Das Land hat eine Bevölkerungsdichte von 414 Personen pro Quadratkilometer und über 17 Millionen Menschen in 41.543 Quadratkilometern. Das am wenigsten dicht besiedelte Land in Europa ist Finnland mit 16 Personen pro Quadratkilometer und 5,3 Millionen Menschen genießen 337.030 Quadratkilometer.

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Laut europäischen Statistiken hat die gesamte EU-Region im Jahr 2015 45,0% ihrer Siedlungsabfälle recycelt oder kompostiert, von nur 25,3% im Jahr 2000 und 38,3% im Jahr 2010, was darauf hindeutet, dass sich die EU deutlich in Richtung umweltfreundlicherer Kommunalabfälle bewegt Abfallwirtschaft sowohl langfristig als auch kurzfristig. Seit dem Jahr 2000 ist die Recycling quote kontinuierlich um fast vier gestiegen % pro Jahr. ²

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Nördliche Mitgliedstaaten wie Schweden, Finnland und Norwegen haben verschiedene politische Instrumente und strenge Vorschriften für die Abfallwirtschaft und neigen dazu, einen relativ hohen Anteil an Siedlungsabfällen zu recyceln. Einige der politischen Maßnahmen, die das Recycling fördern, sind eine zwingende Trennung von Siedlungsabfällen, hohe Abfallgebühren und Deponiesteuern.3 Deutschland hat die höchste Recyclingquote in der EU mit 66,1% der Abfälle, die recycelt werden.4

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Auf der anderen Seite des Spektrums liegen die südlichen EU-Staaten Malta und Rumänien, die 6,7% bzw. 13,1% ihres Abfalls recyceln. Die größte Herausforderung für das Recycling in den Südstaaten ist der Mangel an Recycling-Infrastruktur 5 und das Fehlen von Größenvorteilen für die Rückgewinnung der Recyclingkosten.6

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Was machen diese Länder gut und was machen sie falsch? Erstens, die tatsächliche Struktur von Sammel- und Verwertungssystemen verrät viel über die Recyclingkultur und ihre Akzeptanz. Im weiteren Verlauf des Artikels werden wir uns auf bestimmte Materialien wie Kunststoffe, Pappe und komplexere Materialien konzentrieren.

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Auf der anderen Seite des Spektrums liegen die südlichen EU-Staaten Malta und Rumänien, die 6,7% bzw. 13,1% ihres Abfalls recyceln. Die größte Herausforderung für das Recycling in den Südstaaten ist der Mangel an Recycling-Infrastruktur 5 und das Fehlen von Größenvorteilen für die Rückgewinnung der Recyclingkosten.6

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Was machen diese Länder gut und was machen sie falsch? Erstens, die tatsächliche Struktur von Sammel- und Verwertungssystemen verrät viel über die Recyclingkultur und ihre Akzeptanz. Im weiteren Verlauf des Artikels werden wir uns auf bestimmte Materialien wie Kunststoffe, Pappe und komplexere Materialien konzentrieren.

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Sammel- und Verwertungssysteme

Die Niederlande, wo die Bevölkerung dicht ist, haben eine der besten Abfallwirtschaft Programme in Europa, nach der Europäischen Kommission. ⁷ Das Land teilt diese höchste Auszeichnung mit Österreich, Dänemark, Schweden , Deutschland und Belgien. In diesen Ländern werden weniger als 5% ihrer Abfälle in Deponien und haben gut entwickelte Systeme recycling .

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In den Niederlanden wurden 78% der Abfälle wird recycelt, 19% werden verbrannt und nur 3% gehen in die Mülldeponie . Ein Grund für diese Erfolgsquoten ist, dass das Land die Bedeutung des Umweltschutzes erkannt hat und recycling ziemlich früh in den 1960er Jahren.⁸Sie haben den Produzenten auch eine große Verantwortung auferlegt, für ihre Abfallprodukte verantwortlich zu sein. Die Gemeinden, die Provinz- und die nationalen Behörden arbeiten eng zusammen.

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Einige dünn besiedelte Länder wie Finnland haben diese Ansätze zur Kenntnis genommen. Im Jahr 2002 leitete Finnland 62,5% seiner Siedlungsabfälle in die Deponie , aber bis 2015 waren es nur 11%. ⁹ Was ist passiert? In den frühen 2000er Jahren erstellte die Regierungspolitik einen Plan für den Aufbau von Abfall Verbrennungsanlagen und in einem Jahrzehnt hat sich diese Kapazität versechsfacht. Konkret hat das Land neue Müllverbrennungsanlagen gebaut, die im Winter die Haushalte mit Strom und im Sommer mit Strom versorgen.

Zusätzlich zu den Energierückgewinnungsinvestitionen gibt es recycling und Sammelsysteme wurde auch gestärkt. Diese Bemühungen haben zu einem leichten Anstieg von 29% von Abfälle werden im Jahr 2002 recycelt und bis 2015 zu 40% recycelt. ¹⁰ Es liegt auf der Hand, dass die niederländischen Anteile von 78% noch lange nicht erreicht sind. Was ist die größte Herausforderung?

Die größte Herausforderung für Länder wie Finnland sind die hohen Logistikkosten von Abfallmaterial . Finnische Leute sind aktive Recycler und erzielen 100% Sammelquoten für Glasflaschen und 95% Sammlung für Aluminiumdosen . Papier wird auch mit den höchsten Raten in Europa recycelt. ¹¹ Aber Finnland ist immer noch weit von seinem Ziel entfernt, sogar 50% zu erreichen recycling bis 2016.

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Ein weiteres Beispiel für ein dünn besiedeltes Land, das mit Recycling gut zurechtkommt ist benachbart Schweden . Die Schweden verbrannten 48% ihrer Abfälle, recycled 48% und deponiert nur 2% in 2014. Schweden kündigte im selben Jahr an, dass es Müll aus anderen europäischen Ländern wie Großbritannien, Italien, Norwegen und Irland importieren würde, um seine Abfälle in Energieanlagen einzuspeisen, die Strom mit Generatoren erzeugen. Schweden hat festgelegt, dass Recyclingstationen nicht mehr als 300 Meter von Wohngebieten entfernt sein dürfen. Schweden hat ebenfalls strenge Vorschriften für die Erzeuger eingeführt Recycling-Programme ihrer Produkte. ¹³ Zum Beispiel wird H & amp; M benötigt, um alte Kleidungsstücke für recycling .

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Kunststoffrecycling

Einige Materialien werden erfolgreicher recycelt als andere. Kunststoff ist ein schwer zu recycelndes Material. Dennoch ist Recycling von Kunststoffen eine Notwendigkeit um die Erschöpfung der natürlichen Ressourcen zu reduzieren. Wenn Kunststoffe nicht recycelt werden, werden sie entweder verbrannt oder in der natürlichen Umwelt entsorgt, wo sie letztendlich zur Verschmutzung beitragen. Die Fähigkeit, recycle plastic wird bevorzugt Verbrennung, weil Kunststoffe aus einer nicht erneuerbaren Kohlenwasserstoffressource hergestellt werden. Manche Gemeinschaften sind besser als andere in der Lage, plastics Teil einer Kreislaufwirtschaft.

Recycling von Kunststoff ist schwieriger, weil es ist nicht so lukrativ wie recycling offensichtlich wertvolle Materialien, die einen Wiederverkauf erzielen Preis, wie Metall. Kunststoff ist auch schwieriger wegen technischer Hürden, wie Phasentrennung von recyceltem Kunststoff und begrenzten Anwendungen für die am häufigsten hergestellten Kunststoffe, Polypropylen und Polyethylen. Diese Herausforderungen können jedoch minimiert werden, wenn Produkthersteller das Mischen von Verpackungsmaterialien minimieren und Verunreinigungen eliminieren.

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Wie gehen die dicht bevölkerten und dünn besiedelten Länder in der Europäischen Union im Vergleich zu Kunststoffrecycling ? Die Niederländer sammeln Plastik zusammen mit anderen Materialien für das Recycling, aber der Kunststoff wird im Allgemeinen immer schlechter und daher schwer wiederzuverwenden. ¹⁵ Dies erhöht wiederum die Kosten von Recycling-Kunststoff .

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Die Holländer haben kürzlich die Auswirkungen von Recycling von Kunststoffen und kam zu dem Schluss, dass es zu minderwertigen Anwendungen führt und die CO2-Emissionen nicht verbessert. ¹⁶ Die Forschung bestand darauf, dass die Örtlichkeiten lieber mehr für Prozesse aufwenden sollten, um qualitativ hochwertigeren Kunststoff für die Wiederaufbereitung auszuwählen. Es wurde auch vorgeschlagen, dass Kunststoffe, die 90% der Verpackungen ausmachen, nur zur Plastikverschmutzung beitragen und dass das Recycling keine Lösung für eine Plastik Wurf.

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Eine niederländische Organisation kündigte kürzlich Pläne an, Plastikverschmutzungen aus dem Meer zu retten und damit Straßen in Rotterdam zu bauen. Der Plan ist, Plastikmaterial aus dem Ozean zu sammeln, um es zu Bausteinen für Straßen zu verarbeiten. 17

In Finnland wurde bis 2016 kein nationales System zur Sammlung von Kunststoffen eingerichtet, da Plastikflaschen von Käufern für 10 bis 40 Cent eingelöst wurden. Die Plastikflaschen werden dann vom Getränkehersteller wiederverwendet. Nur 16% anderer Kunststoffabfälle werden recycelt. Wenn dies nicht möglich ist, landet der Kunststoff in einem der finnischen Müllverbrennungsanlagen, die sich dann zu einem Plastikmüll in Energie. In Finnland wird Kunststoff oft zu Abschnitten oder Schichten von Lebensmittelverpackungen kombiniert, und dies macht Recycling schwierig. Die Lösung, um Plastikmüll zu stoppen, wird als Zusammenarbeit mit Herstellern gesehen, die nur recycelte oder biobasierte Materialien produzieren.

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Papier und Pappe

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Einige Materialien sind leicht zu recyceln. Zum Beispiel hat Altpapier in Finnland, das ein führender Hersteller und Exporteur von Papierprodukten ist, eine lange Geschichte des Recyclings. Altpapier wird seit fast einem Jahrhundert in Finnland gesammelt. 18 Sammelstellen sind in der Regel in jeder Nachbarschaft verfügbar und umfassen sowohl Papier- als auch Karton-Recycling-Behälter. Ein Fünftel der finnischen Haushaltsabfälle besteht aus Papier. Das recycelte Material wird hauptsächlich für Toilettenpapier und Zeitungen verwendet. Im Jahr 2015 wurde von der Aalto University und dem VTT Technical Research Center eine Innovation entwickelt, die Altpapier und Karton zu Textilien und Kleidungsstücken macht.19

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In den Niederlanden werden etwa 75% des Papiers recycelt, während es in der Europäischen Union näher bei 50% . Papier wird im Allgemeinen ohne Schachteln gesammelt, da von den Leuten erwartet wird, dass sie Pappkartonverpackungen von gebrauchten Papierprodukten bereitstellen. Ein Teil der Pappe und des Papiers wird von lokalen Sportgruppen und Schulen gesammelt.

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Ungewöhnliche Recycling-Artikel

Durch die Beispiele von Papier und Plastik kann man beginnen zu sehen, dass die Papierrecyclingartikel, die Teil der Kreislaufwirtschaft sind, im Allgemeinen leicht zu recyceln sind. Kunststoffrecycling ist jedoch überall ein Problem. Innovative Lösungen sind erforderlich, um das Kunststoffrecycling wirtschaftlich zu machen. Die Niederlande wollen Kunststoff als Straßen nutzen, während Finnland plant, seine Winter durch die Verbrennung von Kunststoffen aufzuheizen. Es ist jedoch besorgniserregend, dass das Recycling von Kunststoffen den CO2-Fußabdruck nicht verringert. Es scheint, dass der beste Weg wäre, das Material ganz aufzugeben, weil es keinen Mehrwert bringt, sondern eher eine nicht erneuerbare Ressource verbraucht und letztendlich zur Verschmutzung beiträgt.

Einige ungewöhnliche Gegenstände werden in der Europäischen Union recycelt, da die lokalen Gemeinschaften ihre Recycling-Systeme an die lokalen Herausforderungen anpassen. In Wien hat die Gemeinde für ihre Kunden in der Gastronomie und Hotellerie einen Kochöl-Sammelbehälter mit sauberer Sammlung und zuverlässigem Abholservice eingerichtet. ²⁰ Das Speiseöl wird zu Biodiesel-Anlagen transportiert, egal ob es zu Biodiesel verarbeitet wird. Dieses Recycling löst zwei Probleme: die Rohstoffversorgung für die Biodieselproduktion und die Blockierung kommunaler Abwässer aus gebrauchtem Fett und Öl.

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Die Lehre, die wir aus den dicht bevölkerten Ländern der Europäischen Union ziehen können, lautet, dass das Recycling als lokal vorteilhaft angesehen werden muss und das recycelte Material Teil einer Kreislaufwirtschaft sein sollte, die aus Abfallprodukten einen wirtschaftlichen Wert generiert. So kann Recycling langfristig nachhaltig sein. Die Bevölkerungsdichte ist nicht so stark von einem Indikator abhängig wie die Gewohnheiten der Bürger und die Politik der Regierung, das Recycling über die Deponierung hinaus zu fördern. Der Erfolg dieser Initiativen zeigt sich in einer ständig steigenden Recyclingquote der Bürger.

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Man sieht, dass die am wenigsten und am dichtesten besiedelten Länder in Europa ähnliche Recyclinggewohnheiten haben. So schätzen beispielsweise Finnland und die Niederlande das Konzept des Umweltschutzes. Die Länder, die immer noch depilling sind, verfügen nicht über das institutionelle Kapazität und Ebenen des öffentlichen Bewusstseins, um eine sinnvolle Veränderung zu bewirken. Dazu gehören sowohl dicht besiedelte als auch dünn besiedelte Länder wie Malta (hohe Dichte und schlechte Wiederverwertung) und Rumänien (geringe Dichte und schlechte Wiederverwertung). Der Trend in der gesamten Europäischen Union geht jedoch stetig in Richtung eines Endes der Deponierung, mit einem Anstieg des Recyclingvolumens und einem zunehmenden Anstieg von Initiativen zur Energiegewinnung aus Abfall.

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