受密度影响的欧盟回收

///受密度影响的欧盟回收

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欧盟国家的人口密度不同,从高度密集的马耳他,荷兰和比利时到人口稀少的芬兰,瑞典和爱沙尼亚。人口密度已被证明会影响回收生态系统,因为城市人口稠密的地区往往会做得更好回收。在人口密集的地区,收集成本创造了规模经济,证明了移动的物流成本是合理的浪费到回收或加工中心。

本文探讨了一些人口较少的国家如何克服后勤挑战。它还确定了一些提高整个欧洲回收计划成本效率的最佳实践。

我们从人口最稠密的国家开始,拥有关于回收的良好数据集,这是荷兰。该国人口密度为每平方公里414人,超过1700万人口达到41,543平方公里。 1 欧洲人口密度最低的国家是芬兰,每平方公里16人,5.3百万人享受337,030平方公里。[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”2_5″ layout=”2_5″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” dimension_margin=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_imageframe image_id=”1588″ max_width=”” style_type=”glow” stylecolor=”” hover_type=”zoomin” bordersize=”” bordercolor=”” borderradius=”” align=”center” lightbox=”no” gallery_id=”” lightbox_image=”” alt=”” link=”” linktarget=”_self” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=””]https://earthsquad.global/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/recycling-10.jpg[/fusion_imageframe][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=””][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”2_5″ layout=”2_5″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” dimension_margin=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_chart title=”” chart_type=”bar” chart_legend_position=”” x_axis_label=”” y_axis_label=”Waste ” show_tooltips=”” chart_border_type=”smooth” chart_fill=”off” chart_point_style=”circle” chart_point_size=”3″ chart_point_bg_color=”” chart_point_border_color=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” chart_bg_color=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” chart_axis_text_color=”” chart_gridline_color=”” x_axis_labels=”45%|25.3%|38.3%” legend_text_colors=”#ffffff|#ffffff|#ffffff” bg_colors=”#00bcd4|#8bc34a|#ff9800″ border_colors=”#00bcd4|#8bc34a|#ff9800″ chart_border_size=””][fusion_chart_dataset title=”Data Set 1″ legend_text_color=”#ffffff” background_color=”#00bcd4″ border_color=”#00bcd4″ values=”45|25.3|38.3″][/fusion_chart_dataset][/fusion_chart][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”3_5″ layout=”3_5″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” dimension_margin=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]

根据欧洲统计数据,2015年整个欧盟地区的城市垃圾回收或堆肥占45.0%,高于2000年的25.3%和2010年的38.3%,这表明欧盟显然已转向更加环保的市政模式。 废物管理无论是长期还是短期。自2000年以来 回收利用率每年持续增长近4%。 2

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瑞典,芬兰和挪威等北方成员国拥有多种政策工具和严格的废物管理法规,并倾向于回收相对较高比例的城市垃圾。一些鼓励回收的政策干预措施是强制性地分离城市废弃物类型,高废物收集费和垃圾填埋税.3德国回收率最高的欧盟回收率为66.1%。

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另一方面是南欧盟国家马耳他和罗马尼亚,它们分别回收6.7%和13.1%的废物。南部各州回收利用的主要挑战是缺乏回收基础设施5以及没有规模经济来收回回收成本.6

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这些国家做得好,他们做错了什么?首先,收集和回收系统的实际结构揭示了很多关于回收文化及其接受度。在本文后面,我们将介绍特定的材料,如塑料,纸板和更复杂的材料。

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收集和回收系统

人口密集的荷兰是最好的之一 欧洲委员会称,欧洲的废物管理计划。 7 该国与奥地利,丹麦, 瑞典,德国和比利时。这些国家的废物不到5% 垃圾填埋场且已经发展完善回收系统。

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在荷兰,78%的人 物被回收利用,19%被焚烧,只有3%被焚烧垃圾填埋场。这些成功率的一个原因是该国认识到保护环境和保护环境的重要性 在20世纪60年代很早就回收了。 8 他们还对生产者负有重大责任,负责他们的废品。各市,省和国家当局都密切合作。

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芬兰等一些人口稀少的国家已经注意到这些方法。 2002年,芬兰将62.5%的城市垃圾送到了垃圾填埋场,但到2015年,这一数字仅为11%。 9 发生了什么?在21世纪初,政府政策制定了一项建设计划浪费 焚烧厂在十年内,这种能力增长了六倍。具体而言,该国已经建立了新的垃圾发电厂,现在为家庭提供冬季取暖和夏季用电。

除了能源回收投资, 回收 和收集系统也得到了加强。这些努力导致了29%的温和增长废弃物在2002年被回收到2015年回收的废弃物的40%。 10 很明显,荷兰的比例达到78%仍然有很长的路要走。那么主要挑战是什么?

像芬兰这样的国家面临的主要挑战是物流成本高废料. 芬兰人是活跃的回收商,实现了100%的玻璃瓶收集率和95%的收集率铝罐. 纸张也以欧洲最高的价格回收。 11 但芬兰仍然没有达到甚至达到50%的目标2016年回收。

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人口稀少的国家的另一个例子,表现良好 回收是相邻的瑞典的。瑞典人焚烧了48%的废物, 回收 48%和 垃圾填埋场 2014年仅占2%。 12 同年,瑞典宣布将从英国,意大利,挪威和爱尔兰等其他欧洲国家进口垃圾,将垃圾转化为能源用发电机涡轮机发电的工厂。瑞典已经立法规定,回收站距离任何住宅区不得超过300米。瑞典还制定了严格的法规,要求生产者支付其产品回收计划的费用。 13 例如需要收集旧衣服 回收.

[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”1_3″ layout=”1_3″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” dimension_margin=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_counters_circle animation_offset=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=””][fusion_counter_circle value=”48″ filledcolor=”” unfilledcolor=”#eaeaea” size=”220″ scales=”no” countdown=”no” speed=”1500″]48%[/fusion_counter_circle][/fusion_counters_circle][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”https://earthsquad.global/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/envatoelements-kid-throwing-out-plastic-bottle-ptzwe6q.jpg” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”60px” padding_right=”40px” padding_bottom=”40px” padding_left=”40px”][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”1_1″ layout=”1_1″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0.84)” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” undefined=”” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”40px” padding_right=”25px” padding_bottom=”25px” padding_left=”25px” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]

塑料回收

有些材料比其他材料更成功地回收利用。塑料是难以回收的材料。然而,塑料回收是减少自然资源枯竭的必要条件。如果塑料不再循环,它们要么在自然环境中焚烧或丢弃,最终导致污染。有能力 再循环塑料优于焚烧,因为塑料是由不可再生的碳氢化合物资源制成的。一些社区在制作方面比其他社区更好 塑料是循环经济的一部分。

回收塑料更具挑战性,因为它没有那么有利可图 回收显然是珍贵的材料,像金属一样获得转售价格。由于技术障碍,塑料也更具挑战性,例如再生塑料的相分离和最常用的塑料,聚丙烯和聚乙烯的有限应用。然而,如果产品制造商最大限度地减少包装材料的混合并消除污染物,这些挑战可以最小化。14

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那么,与欧盟相比,欧盟人口密集,人口稀少的国家的情况如何呢? 塑料回收?荷兰人正在收集用于回收的塑料以及其他材料,但塑料的质量通常较差,因此难以再利用。 15 这反过来又增加了成本 回收塑料.

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荷兰人最近分析了影响塑料回收并得出结论认为它导致低等级用途并且不会改善碳排放。 16 该研究坚持认为,地方应该更多地花费在选择质量更好的塑料进行再加工的工艺上。它还表明,塑料占包装的90%,只会增加塑料污染,而且回收不是解决方案塑料垃圾。

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一家荷兰组织最近宣布了打捞计划 来自海洋的塑料污染并用它来建造鹿特丹的高速公路。计划是将塑料材料从海洋中收集起来进行加工并压缩成道路的构件。17

在芬兰,直到2016年才开始建立国家塑料收集系统,因为塑料瓶被购物者赎回10至40美分。然后塑料瓶由饮料制造商重新使用。只有16%的其他塑料废物正在回收利用。如果不能,塑料最终会在芬兰的一个焚烧厂网络中转动 塑料废物变成能量。在芬兰,塑料通常被组合成食品包装的部分或层,这样做回收很难。停止塑料废物的解决方案被视为与制造商合作,仅生产再循环或生物基材料。

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纸和纸板

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有些材料易于回收利用。例如,旧纸在芬兰有着悠久的回收历史,芬兰是纸制品的领先制造商和出口商。二手纸已在芬兰收集了近一个世纪。 18收集点通常在每个社区提供,包括纸和纸板回收箱。五分之一的芬兰家庭垃圾由纸制成。回收材料主要用于制作卫生纸和报纸。 2015年,阿尔托大学和VTT技术研究中心开发了一项创新产品,将废纸和纸板用于纺织品和服装.19

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在荷兰,大约75%的纸张是回收的,而在欧盟,这个数字接近50%。纸张通常没有盒子收集,因为人们期望提供纸板盒装的旧纸制品包装。一些纸板和纸张是通过当地的体育团体和学校收集的。

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不寻常的回收物品

通过纸张和塑料的例子,人们可以开始看到作为循环经济的一部分的纸张回收物品通常易于回收。然而,塑料回收在任何地方都是一个问题。需要创新的解决方案来使塑料回收具有商业可行性。荷兰希望开始使用塑料作为道路,而芬兰计划通过焚烧塑料来加热冬季。然而,令人担忧的是塑料回收不会减少碳足迹。似乎最好的做法是放弃这些材料,因为它不会增加价值,而是耗尽不可再生资源,最终造成污染。

一些不寻常的物品正在欧盟回收,因为当地社区调整其回收系统以应对当地的挑战。在维也纳,市政当局为其美食和酒店业的客户设立了食用油收集容器,提供清洁的收集和可靠的接送服务。 20 食用油被运输到生物柴油厂,无论是否加工成生物柴油。这种回收利用解决了两个问题:生物柴油生产的原料供应和用过的脂肪和油堵塞市政下水道。

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我们可以从密集和人口稀少的欧盟国家学到的教训是,为了使回收利用到当地,它必须是可持续的,而回收材料应该成为循环经济的一部分,从废物中创造商业价值。这就是长期可循环利用的方式。人口密度并不像公民的习惯和政府政策促进回收高于填埋的指标那么强。这些举措的成功在于公民的回收习惯不断增加。

[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”2_5″ layout=”2_5″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” dimension_margin=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_imageframe image_id=”1577″ max_width=”” style_type=”glow” stylecolor=”” hover_type=”zoomin” bordersize=”” bordercolor=”” borderradius=”” align=”center” lightbox=”no” gallery_id=”” lightbox_image=”” alt=”” link=”” linktarget=”_self” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=””]https://earthsquad.global/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/recycling-21.jpg[/fusion_imageframe][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”https://earthsquad.global/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/5-85.jpg” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”10px” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=””][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”2_5″ layout=”2_5″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” undefined=”” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”0px” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”3_5″ layout=”3_5″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0.88)” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” undefined=”” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”40px” padding_right=”25px” padding_bottom=”25px” padding_left=”25px” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”0px” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]

可以看出,欧洲人口最少和人口最稠密的国家都有类似的回收习惯。例如,芬兰和荷兰都重视环境保护的概念。仍在的国家 填埋,缺乏机构能力和公众意识水平,无法进行有意义的改变。其中包括密集和人口稀少的国家,如马耳他(高密度和低回收)和罗马尼亚(低密度和低回收)。然而,整个欧盟的趋势正在稳步走向填埋,随着回收利用的增加以及废物转化为能源计划的不断增加。

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2018-09-27T07:53:13+00:00By |Categories: 字 廣泛回收, 欧洲|0 Comments

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Länder in der Europäischen Union haben unterschiedliche Bevölkerungsdichten, von den hochdichten Ländern Malta, Niederlande und Belgien bis hin zu den dünn besiedelten Gebieten Finnlands, Schweden und Estland. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass die Bevölkerungsdichte das Recycling-Ökosystem beeinflusst, da städtische, dicht besiedelte Gebiete dazu tendieren, besser zu sein mit: recycling . In dicht besiedelten Gebieten führen die Kosten für die Sammlung zu Skaleneffekten, die die logistischen Kosten für die Umsiedlung rechtfertigen  Abfall zu den Recycling- oder Verarbeitungszentren.

Dieser Artikel untersucht, wie logistische Herausforderungen von einigen der weniger dicht besiedelten Länder bewältigt werden. Außerdem werden einige bewährte Verfahren ermittelt, die die Kosteneffizienz von Recyclingprogrammen in ganz Europa erhöhen.

Wir beginnen mit dem am dichtesten besiedelten Land mit einem guten Datensatz über recycling das ist die Niederlande. Das Land hat eine Bevölkerungsdichte von 414 Personen pro Quadratkilometer und über 17 Millionen Menschen in 41.543 Quadratkilometern. Das am wenigsten dicht besiedelte Land in Europa ist Finnland mit 16 Personen pro Quadratkilometer und 5,3 Millionen Menschen genießen 337.030 Quadratkilometer.

[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”2_5″ layout=”2_5″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_imageframe image_id=”1588″ max_width=”” style_type=”glow” stylecolor=”” hover_type=”zoomin” bordersize=”” bordercolor=”” borderradius=”” align=”center” lightbox=”no” gallery_id=”” lightbox_image=”” alt=”” link=”” linktarget=”_self” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=””]https://www.earthsquad.global/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/recycling-10.jpg[/fusion_imageframe][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=””][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”2_5″ layout=”2_5″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_chart title=”” chart_type=”bar” chart_legend_position=”” x_axis_label=”” y_axis_label=”Waste ” show_tooltips=”” chart_border_type=”smooth” chart_fill=”off” chart_point_style=”circle” chart_point_size=”3″ chart_point_bg_color=”” chart_point_border_color=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” chart_bg_color=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” chart_axis_text_color=”” chart_gridline_color=”” x_axis_labels=”45%|25.3%|38.3%” legend_text_colors=”#ffffff|#ffffff|#ffffff” bg_colors=”#00bcd4|#8bc34a|#ff9800″ border_colors=”#00bcd4|#8bc34a|#ff9800″ chart_border_size=””][fusion_chart_dataset title=”Data Set 1″ legend_text_color=”#ffffff” background_color=”#00bcd4″ border_color=”#00bcd4″ values=”45|25.3|38.3″][/fusion_chart_dataset][/fusion_chart][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”3_5″ layout=”3_5″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=””]

Laut europäischen Statistiken hat die gesamte EU-Region im Jahr 2015 45,0% ihrer Siedlungsabfälle recycelt oder kompostiert, von nur 25,3% im Jahr 2000 und 38,3% im Jahr 2010, was darauf hindeutet, dass sich die EU deutlich in Richtung umweltfreundlicherer Kommunalabfälle bewegt Abfallwirtschaft sowohl langfristig als auch kurzfristig. Seit dem Jahr 2000 ist die Recycling quote kontinuierlich um fast vier gestiegen % pro Jahr. 2

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Nördliche Mitgliedstaaten wie Schweden, Finnland und Norwegen haben verschiedene politische Instrumente und strenge Vorschriften für die Abfallwirtschaft und neigen dazu, einen relativ hohen Anteil an Siedlungsabfällen zu recyceln. Einige der politischen Maßnahmen, die das Recycling fördern, sind eine zwingende Trennung von Siedlungsabfällen, hohe Abfallgebühren und Deponiesteuern.3 Deutschland hat die höchste Recyclingquote in der EU mit 66,1% der Abfälle, die recycelt werden.4

[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column_inner][fusion_builder_column_inner type=”1_3″ layout=”1_3″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” hover_type=”none” link=”” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” dimension_margin=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no” border_position=”all”][fusion_counters_circle animation_offset=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=””][fusion_counter_circle value=”66″ filledcolor=”#fe717e” unfilledcolor=”#ededed” size=”190″ scales=”no” countdown=”no” speed=”1500″]66.1%[/fusion_counter_circle][/fusion_counters_circle][/fusion_builder_column_inner][/fusion_builder_row_inner][fusion_builder_row_inner][fusion_builder_column_inner type=”1_3″ layout=”1_3″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” hover_type=”none” link=”” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” dimension_margin=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no” border_position=”all”][fusion_chart title=”” chart_type=”bar” chart_legend_position=”” x_axis_label=”” y_axis_label=”Recycle” show_tooltips=”” chart_border_type=”smooth” chart_fill=”off” chart_point_style=”circle” chart_point_size=”3″ chart_point_bg_color=”” chart_point_border_color=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” chart_bg_color=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” chart_axis_text_color=”” chart_gridline_color=”” x_axis_labels=”6.7%|13.1%” legend_text_colors=”#ffffff|#ffffff” bg_colors=”#00bcd4|#8bc34a” border_colors=”#00bcd4|#8bc34a” chart_border_size=””][fusion_chart_dataset title=”Data Set 1″ legend_text_color=”#ffffff” background_color=”#00bcd4″ border_color=”#00bcd4″ values=”6.7|13.1″][/fusion_chart_dataset][/fusion_chart][/fusion_builder_column_inner][fusion_builder_column_inner type=”2_3″ layout=”2_3″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” hover_type=”none” link=”” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” dimension_margin=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no” border_position=”all”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]

Auf der anderen Seite des Spektrums liegen die südlichen EU-Staaten Malta und Rumänien, die 6,7% bzw. 13,1% ihres Abfalls recyceln. Die größte Herausforderung für das Recycling in den Südstaaten ist der Mangel an Recycling-Infrastruktur 5 und das Fehlen von Größenvorteilen für die Rückgewinnung der Recyclingkosten.6

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Was machen diese Länder gut und was machen sie falsch? Erstens, die tatsächliche Struktur von Sammel- und Verwertungssystemen verrät viel über die Recyclingkultur und ihre Akzeptanz. Im weiteren Verlauf des Artikels werden wir uns auf bestimmte Materialien wie Kunststoffe, Pappe und komplexere Materialien konzentrieren.

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Auf der anderen Seite des Spektrums liegen die südlichen EU-Staaten Malta und Rumänien, die 6,7% bzw. 13,1% ihres Abfalls recyceln. Die größte Herausforderung für das Recycling in den Südstaaten ist der Mangel an Recycling-Infrastruktur 5 und das Fehlen von Größenvorteilen für die Rückgewinnung der Recyclingkosten.6

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Was machen diese Länder gut und was machen sie falsch? Erstens, die tatsächliche Struktur von Sammel- und Verwertungssystemen verrät viel über die Recyclingkultur und ihre Akzeptanz. Im weiteren Verlauf des Artikels werden wir uns auf bestimmte Materialien wie Kunststoffe, Pappe und komplexere Materialien konzentrieren.

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Sammel- und Verwertungssysteme

Die Niederlande, wo die Bevölkerung dicht ist, haben eine der besten Abfallwirtschaft Programme in Europa, nach der Europäischen Kommission. 7 Das Land teilt diese höchste Auszeichnung mit Österreich, Dänemark, Schweden , Deutschland und Belgien. In diesen Ländern werden weniger als 5% ihrer Abfälle in Deponien und haben gut entwickelte Systeme recycling .

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In den Niederlanden wurden 78% der Abfälle wird recycelt, 19% werden verbrannt und nur 3% gehen in die Mülldeponie . Ein Grund für diese Erfolgsquoten ist, dass das Land die Bedeutung des Umweltschutzes erkannt hat und recycling ziemlich früh in den 1960er Jahren.8Sie haben den Produzenten auch eine große Verantwortung auferlegt, für ihre Abfallprodukte verantwortlich zu sein. Die Gemeinden, die Provinz- und die nationalen Behörden arbeiten eng zusammen.

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Einige dünn besiedelte Länder wie Finnland haben diese Ansätze zur Kenntnis genommen. Im Jahr 2002 leitete Finnland 62,5% seiner Siedlungsabfälle in die Deponie , aber bis 2015 waren es nur 11%. 9 Was ist passiert? In den frühen 2000er Jahren erstellte die Regierungspolitik einen Plan für den Aufbau von Abfall Verbrennungsanlagen und in einem Jahrzehnt hat sich diese Kapazität versechsfacht. Konkret hat das Land neue Müllverbrennungsanlagen gebaut, die im Winter die Haushalte mit Strom und im Sommer mit Strom versorgen.

Zusätzlich zu den Energierückgewinnungsinvestitionen gibt es recycling und Sammelsysteme wurde auch gestärkt. Diese Bemühungen haben zu einem leichten Anstieg von 29% von Abfälle werden im Jahr 2002 recycelt und bis 2015 zu 40% recycelt. 10 Es liegt auf der Hand, dass die niederländischen Anteile von 78% noch lange nicht erreicht sind. Was ist die größte Herausforderung?

Die größte Herausforderung für Länder wie Finnland sind die hohen Logistikkosten von Abfallmaterial . Finnische Leute sind aktive Recycler und erzielen 100% Sammelquoten für Glasflaschen und 95% Sammlung für Aluminiumdosen . Papier wird auch mit den höchsten Raten in Europa recycelt. 11 Aber Finnland ist immer noch weit von seinem Ziel entfernt, sogar 50% zu erreichen recycling bis 2016.

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Ein weiteres Beispiel für ein dünn besiedeltes Land, das mit Recycling gut zurechtkommt ist benachbart Schweden . Die Schweden verbrannten 48% ihrer Abfälle, recycled 48% und deponiert nur 2% in 2014. Schweden kündigte im selben Jahr an, dass es Müll aus anderen europäischen Ländern wie Großbritannien, Italien, Norwegen und Irland importieren würde, um seine Abfälle in Energieanlagen einzuspeisen, die Strom mit Generatoren erzeugen. Schweden hat festgelegt, dass Recyclingstationen nicht mehr als 300 Meter von Wohngebieten entfernt sein dürfen. Schweden hat ebenfalls strenge Vorschriften für die Erzeuger eingeführt Recycling-Programme ihrer Produkte. 13 Zum Beispiel wird H & amp; M benötigt, um alte Kleidungsstücke für recycling .

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Kunststoffrecycling

Einige Materialien werden erfolgreicher recycelt als andere. Kunststoff ist ein schwer zu recycelndes Material. Dennoch ist Recycling von Kunststoffen eine Notwendigkeit um die Erschöpfung der natürlichen Ressourcen zu reduzieren. Wenn Kunststoffe nicht recycelt werden, werden sie entweder verbrannt oder in der natürlichen Umwelt entsorgt, wo sie letztendlich zur Verschmutzung beitragen. Die Fähigkeit, recycle plastic wird bevorzugt Verbrennung, weil Kunststoffe aus einer nicht erneuerbaren Kohlenwasserstoffressource hergestellt werden. Manche Gemeinschaften sind besser als andere in der Lage, plastics Teil einer Kreislaufwirtschaft.

Recycling von Kunststoff ist schwieriger, weil es ist nicht so lukrativ wie recycling offensichtlich wertvolle Materialien, die einen Wiederverkauf erzielen Preis, wie Metall. Kunststoff ist auch schwieriger wegen technischer Hürden, wie Phasentrennung von recyceltem Kunststoff und begrenzten Anwendungen für die am häufigsten hergestellten Kunststoffe, Polypropylen und Polyethylen. Diese Herausforderungen können jedoch minimiert werden, wenn Produkthersteller das Mischen von Verpackungsmaterialien minimieren und Verunreinigungen eliminieren.

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Wie gehen die dicht bevölkerten und dünn besiedelten Länder in der Europäischen Union im Vergleich zu Kunststoffrecycling ? Die Niederländer sammeln Plastik zusammen mit anderen Materialien für das Recycling, aber der Kunststoff wird im Allgemeinen immer schlechter und daher schwer wiederzuverwenden. 15 Dies erhöht wiederum die Kosten von Recycling-Kunststoff .

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Die Holländer haben kürzlich die Auswirkungen von Recycling von Kunststoffen und kam zu dem Schluss, dass es zu minderwertigen Anwendungen führt und die CO2-Emissionen nicht verbessert. 16 Die Forschung bestand darauf, dass die Örtlichkeiten lieber mehr für Prozesse aufwenden sollten, um qualitativ hochwertigeren Kunststoff für die Wiederaufbereitung auszuwählen. Es wurde auch vorgeschlagen, dass Kunststoffe, die 90% der Verpackungen ausmachen, nur zur Plastikverschmutzung beitragen und dass das Recycling keine Lösung für eine Plastik Wurf.

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Eine niederländische Organisation kündigte kürzlich Pläne an, Plastikverschmutzungen aus dem Meer zu retten und damit Straßen in Rotterdam zu bauen. Der Plan ist, Plastikmaterial aus dem Ozean zu sammeln, um es zu Bausteinen für Straßen zu verarbeiten. 17

In Finnland wurde bis 2016 kein nationales System zur Sammlung von Kunststoffen eingerichtet, da Plastikflaschen von Käufern für 10 bis 40 Cent eingelöst wurden. Die Plastikflaschen werden dann vom Getränkehersteller wiederverwendet. Nur 16% anderer Kunststoffabfälle werden recycelt. Wenn dies nicht möglich ist, landet der Kunststoff in einem der finnischen Müllverbrennungsanlagen, die sich dann zu einem Plastikmüll in Energie. In Finnland wird Kunststoff oft zu Abschnitten oder Schichten von Lebensmittelverpackungen kombiniert, und dies macht Recycling schwierig. Die Lösung, um Plastikmüll zu stoppen, wird als Zusammenarbeit mit Herstellern gesehen, die nur recycelte oder biobasierte Materialien produzieren.

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Papier und Pappe

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Einige Materialien sind leicht zu recyceln. Zum Beispiel hat Altpapier in Finnland, das ein führender Hersteller und Exporteur von Papierprodukten ist, eine lange Geschichte des Recyclings. Altpapier wird seit fast einem Jahrhundert in Finnland gesammelt. 18 Sammelstellen sind in der Regel in jeder Nachbarschaft verfügbar und umfassen sowohl Papier- als auch Karton-Recycling-Behälter. Ein Fünftel der finnischen Haushaltsabfälle besteht aus Papier. Das recycelte Material wird hauptsächlich für Toilettenpapier und Zeitungen verwendet. Im Jahr 2015 wurde von der Aalto University und dem VTT Technical Research Center eine Innovation entwickelt, die Altpapier und Karton zu Textilien und Kleidungsstücken macht.19

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In den Niederlanden werden etwa 75% des Papiers recycelt, während es in der Europäischen Union näher bei 50% . Papier wird im Allgemeinen ohne Schachteln gesammelt, da von den Leuten erwartet wird, dass sie Pappkartonverpackungen von gebrauchten Papierprodukten bereitstellen. Ein Teil der Pappe und des Papiers wird von lokalen Sportgruppen und Schulen gesammelt.

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Ungewöhnliche Recycling-Artikel

Durch die Beispiele von Papier und Plastik kann man beginnen zu sehen, dass die Papierrecyclingartikel, die Teil der Kreislaufwirtschaft sind, im Allgemeinen leicht zu recyceln sind. Kunststoffrecycling ist jedoch überall ein Problem. Innovative Lösungen sind erforderlich, um das Kunststoffrecycling wirtschaftlich zu machen. Die Niederlande wollen Kunststoff als Straßen nutzen, während Finnland plant, seine Winter durch die Verbrennung von Kunststoffen aufzuheizen. Es ist jedoch besorgniserregend, dass das Recycling von Kunststoffen den CO2-Fußabdruck nicht verringert. Es scheint, dass der beste Weg wäre, das Material ganz aufzugeben, weil es keinen Mehrwert bringt, sondern eher eine nicht erneuerbare Ressource verbraucht und letztendlich zur Verschmutzung beiträgt.

Einige ungewöhnliche Gegenstände werden in der Europäischen Union recycelt, da die lokalen Gemeinschaften ihre Recycling-Systeme an die lokalen Herausforderungen anpassen. In Wien hat die Gemeinde für ihre Kunden in der Gastronomie und Hotellerie einen Kochöl-Sammelbehälter mit sauberer Sammlung und zuverlässigem Abholservice eingerichtet. 20 Das Speiseöl wird zu Biodiesel-Anlagen transportiert, egal ob es zu Biodiesel verarbeitet wird. Dieses Recycling löst zwei Probleme: die Rohstoffversorgung für die Biodieselproduktion und die Blockierung kommunaler Abwässer aus gebrauchtem Fett und Öl.

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Die Lehre, die wir aus den dicht bevölkerten Ländern der Europäischen Union ziehen können, lautet, dass das Recycling als lokal vorteilhaft angesehen werden muss und das recycelte Material Teil einer Kreislaufwirtschaft sein sollte, die aus Abfallprodukten einen wirtschaftlichen Wert generiert. So kann Recycling langfristig nachhaltig sein. Die Bevölkerungsdichte ist nicht so stark von einem Indikator abhängig wie die Gewohnheiten der Bürger und die Politik der Regierung, das Recycling über die Deponierung hinaus zu fördern. Der Erfolg dieser Initiativen zeigt sich in einer ständig steigenden Recyclingquote der Bürger.

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Man sieht, dass die am wenigsten und am dichtesten besiedelten Länder in Europa ähnliche Recyclinggewohnheiten haben. So schätzen beispielsweise Finnland und die Niederlande das Konzept des Umweltschutzes. Die Länder, die immer noch depilling sind, verfügen nicht über das institutionelle Kapazität und Ebenen des öffentlichen Bewusstseins, um eine sinnvolle Veränderung zu bewirken. Dazu gehören sowohl dicht besiedelte als auch dünn besiedelte Länder wie Malta (hohe Dichte und schlechte Wiederverwertung) und Rumänien (geringe Dichte und schlechte Wiederverwertung). Der Trend in der gesamten Europäischen Union geht jedoch stetig in Richtung eines Endes der Deponierung, mit einem Anstieg des Recyclingvolumens und einem zunehmenden Anstieg von Initiativen zur Energiegewinnung aus Abfall.

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2018-10-14T20:20:53+00:00By |Categories: Europa, Weltweites Recycling|0 Comments

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Os países da União Européia têm diferentes densidades populacionais, da altamente densa Malta, Holanda e Bélgica à escassamente povoada, Finlândia, Suécia e Estônia. Demonstrou-se que a densidade populacional afeta o ecossistema de reciclagem, porque as áreas urbanas densamente povoadas tendem a se sair melhor com as áreas urbanas densamente povoadas desperdício e tendem a se sair melhor com as áreas urbanas e densamente povoadas. reciclagem . Em áreas densamente povoadas, o custo da coleta cria economias de escala que justificam o custo logístico de se deslocar desperdiçar para os centros de reciclagem ou processamento.

Este artigo explora como os desafios logísticos são superados por alguns dos países menos densamente povoados. Também identifica algumas das melhores práticas que aumentam a eficiência de custos dos programas de reciclagem em toda a Europa.

Começamos com o país mais densamente povoado com um bom conjunto de dados sobre reciclagem , que é a Holanda. O país tem uma densidade populacional de 414 pessoas por quilômetro quadrado e mais de 17 milhões de pessoas embaladas em 41.543 quilômetros quadrados. 1 O país menos densamente povoado da Europa é a Finlândia com 16 pessoas por quilômetro quadrado e 5,3 milhões de pessoas desfrutando de 337.030 quilômetros quadrados.

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Segundo as estatísticas europeias, toda a região da UE reciclou ou compostou 45,0% dos seus resíduos urbanos em 2015, em comparação com apenas 25,3% em 2000 e 38,3% em 2010, indicando que a UE está claramente a mudar para modos de gestão de resíduos tanto a longo prazo como a curto prazo. Desde 2000, o A taxa de reciclagem vem aumentando continuamente em quase 4% ao ano. 2

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Os estados membros do norte, como a Suécia, a Finlândia e a Noruega, têm diversos instrumentos políticos e regulamentos rígidos sobre a gestão de resíduos e tendem a reciclar uma parcela relativamente alta de resíduos urbanos. Algumas das intervenções políticas que incentivam a reciclagem são uma separação obrigatória dos tipos de resíduos municipais, altas taxas de coleta de resíduos e impostos sobre os aterros sanitários.3A Alemanha tem a maior taxa de reciclagem na UE, com 66,1% dos resíduos gerados reciclados.4

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Do outro lado do espectro estão os estados do sul da UE, Malta e Romênia, que reciclam 6,7% e 13,1% de seus resíduos, respectivamente. O principal desafio para a reciclagem nos estados do sul é a falta de infraestrutura de reciclagem e a ausência de economias de escala para recuperar o custo de reciclagem. 6

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O que esses países estão fazendo bem e o que estão fazendo de errado? Em primeiro lugar, a estrutura real dos sistemas de coleta e reciclagem revela muito sobre a reciclagem da cultura e sua aceitação. Mais adiante, no artigo, veremos materiais específicos, como plásticos, papelão e materiais mais complexos.

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Sistemas de coleta e reciclagem

Os Países Baixos, onde a população é densa, tem uma das melhores opções de vida. gestão de resíduos programas na Europa, de acordo com a Comissão Europeia. 7 O país compartilha essa distinção principal com a Áustria, Dinamarca, Suécia , Alemanha e Bélgica. Esses países têm menos de 5% de seus resíduos indo para aterros sanitários e têm sistemas bem desenvolvidos de reciclagem .

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Na Holanda, 78% de resíduos é reciclado, 19% é incinerado e apenas 3% vai para o aterro . Uma das razões para essas taxas de sucesso é que o país viu a importância de proteger o meio ambiente e reciclagem bem no início da década de 1960. 8 Eles também impunham uma pesada responsabilidade aos produtores para serem responsáveis ​​por seus produtos residuais. Os municípios e as autoridades provinciais e nacionais trabalham em estreita cooperação.

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Alguns países escassamente povoados, como a Finlândia, vêm tomando nota dessas abordagens. Em 2002, a Finlândia enviou 62,5% de seus resíduos urbanos para o aterro , mas até 2015, o número era de apenas 11%. 9 O que aconteceu? No início dos anos 2000, a política do governo criou um plano para a construção de um desperdiçar instalações de incineração e em uma década essa capacidade cresceu seis vezes. Especificamente, o país construiu novas usinas de geração de lixo para energia que agora abastecem as residências com aquecimento no inverno e eletricidade no verão.

Além dos investimentos em recuperação de energia, os reciclagem e os sistemas de coleta também foi reforçada. Esses esforços levaram a um aumento moderado de 29% de resíduos sendo reciclados em 2002 para 40% dos resíduos reciclados em 2015. 10 ; É claro que obter as proporções holandesas de 78% ainda está muito distante. Então, qual é o principal desafio?

O principal desafio para países como a Finlândia é o alto custo da logística de material residual . Os finlandeses são recicladores ativos e atingem 100% das taxas de coleta de garrafas de vidro e 95% de coleta para latas de alumínio . O papel também é reciclado nas taxas mais altas da Europa. 11 Mas a Finlândia ainda está longe de atingir sua meta de atingir 50% reciclagem até 2016.

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Outro exemplo de um país esparsamente povoado que está indo bem com reciclagem é vizinha Suécia . O sueco incinerou 48% dos seus resíduos, reciclado 48% e aterrados apenas 2% em 2014. <12> No mesmo ano, a Suécia anunciou que importaria lixo de outros países europeus como o Reino Unido, Itália, Noruega e Irlanda para alimentar seus resíduos com energia. plantas que produzem eletricidade com turbinas geradoras. A Suécia legislou que as estações de reciclagem não devem estar a mais de 300 metros de qualquer área residencial. A Suécia também instituiu regras rígidas para os produtores pagarem por programas de reciclagem de seus produtos. 13 Por exemplo, H & amp; M é necessário para coletar roupas antigas para reciclando.

[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”1_3″ layout=”1_3″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_counters_circle animation_offset=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=””][fusion_counter_circle value=”48″ filledcolor=”” unfilledcolor=”#eaeaea” size=”220″ scales=”no” countdown=”no” speed=”1500″]48%[/fusion_counter_circle][/fusion_counters_circle][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”https://www.earthsquad.global/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/envatoelements-kid-throwing-out-plastic-bottle-ptzwe6q.jpg” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”60px” padding_right=”40px” padding_bottom=”40px” padding_left=”40px”][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”1_1″ layout=”1_1″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0.84)” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” undefined=”” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”40px” padding_right=”25px” padding_bottom=”25px” padding_left=”25px” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]

Reciclagem de plástico

Alguns materiais são reciclados com mais sucesso do que outros. O plástico é um material difícil de reciclar. No entanto, a reciclagem de plásticos é uma necessidade a fim de reduzir o esgotamento dos recursos naturais. Se os plásticos não são reciclados, eles são incinerados ou descartados no ambiente natural, onde acabam contribuindo para a poluição. A capacidade de reciclar plástico é preferida incineração porque os plásticos são feitos de um recurso de hidrocarbonetos não renováveis. Algumas comunidades são melhores que outras para fazer plásticos uma parte de uma economia circular.

A reciclagem de plástico é mais desafiadora porque não é tão lucrativo quanto reciclagem materiais obviamente preciosos que buscam uma revenda preço, como metal. O plástico também é mais desafiador devido a obstáculos técnicos, como a separação de fases do plástico reciclado e aplicações limitadas para os plásticos mais comumente fabricados, o polipropileno e o polietileno. Esses desafios, no entanto, podem ser minimizados se os fabricantes do produto minimizarem a mistura de materiais de embalagem e eliminarem os contaminantes. 14

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Então, como os países densamente povoados e escassamente povoados da União Européia se comparam em comparação com os países em desenvolvimento? reciclagem de plásticos ? Os holandeses estão coletando plástico para reciclagem, junto com outros materiais, mas o plástico geralmente está ficando mais pobre em qualidade e, portanto, difícil de reutilizar. 15 Isso, por sua vez, está aumentando o custo de reciclagem de plástico .

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Os holandeses analisaram recentemente os efeitos da reciclagem de plásticos e concluiu que isso resulta em usos de baixo grau e não melhora as emissões de carbono. 16 A pesquisa insistiu que as localidades deveriam gastar mais em processos para selecionar plástico de melhor qualidade para reprocessamento. Também sugeriu que os plásticos, que compõem 90% das embalagens, só aumentam a poluição do plástico e que a reciclagem não é uma solução para o problema. -para saber plástico lixo.

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Uma organização holandesa anunciou recentemente planos para salvar a poluição do plástico do oceano e usá-lo para construir rodovias em Roterdã. O plano é coletar material plástico do oceano para ser processado e comprimido em blocos de construção para estradas. 17

Na Finlândia, um sistema nacional de coleta de plásticos não foi sequer implantado até 2016, porque as garrafas de plástico estavam sendo resgatadas pelos compradores por 10 a 40 centavos. As garrafas plásticas são então reutilizadas pelo fabricante das bebidas. Apenas 16% dos outros resíduos plásticos estão sendo reciclados. Quando isso não acontece, o plástico acaba em uma das redes de incineração da Finlândia, que transforma resíduos plásticos em energia. Na Finlândia, o plástico é frequentemente combinado em seções ou camadas de pacotes de alimentos, e isso faz com que os grupos de alimentos se misturem. > reciclagem difícil. A solução para parar o lixo plástico é vista como trabalhando com os fabricantes para produzir apenas materiais reciclados ou bio-baseados.

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Papel e papelão

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Alguns materiais são fáceis de reciclar. Por exemplo, o papel usado tem uma longa história de reciclagem na Finlândia, que é um dos principais fabricantes e exportadores de produtos de papel. O papel usado foi coletado na Finlândia por quase um século. 18 Os pontos de coleta geralmente estão disponíveis em todos os bairros e incluem caixas para reciclagem de papel e papelão. Um quinto do lixo doméstico finlandês é feito de papel. O material reciclado é usado principalmente para fazer papel higiênico e jornais. Em 2015, uma inovação foi desenvolvida pela Aalto University e pelo VTT Technical Research Center, que transforma papel e papelão em têxteis e vestuário.

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Nos Países Baixos, cerca de 75% do papel é reciclado, enquanto na União Europeia o valor está próximo de 50% . O papel é coletado geralmente sem caixas, uma vez que se espera que as pessoas forneçam embalagens de papelão encaixotado de produtos de papel usados. Parte do papelão e do papel é coletada por meio de grupos esportivos e escolas locais.

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Itens de reciclagem incomuns

Através dos exemplos de papel e plástico, pode-se começar a ver que os itens de reciclagem de papel, que fazem parte da economia circular, são geralmente fáceis de reciclar. Reciclagem de plástico, no entanto, é um problema em todos os lugares. Soluções inovadoras são necessárias para tornar a reciclagem de plásticos comercialmente viável. A Holanda quer começar a usar o plástico como estradas, enquanto a Finlândia planeja aquecer seus invernos através da incineração de plásticos. No entanto, é preocupante que a reciclagem de plástico não reduza a pegada de carbono. Parece que a melhor abordagem seria abandonar completamente o material, porque ele não agrega valor, mas esvazia um recurso não renovável e acaba contribuindo para a poluição.

Alguns itens incomuns estão sendo reciclados na União Européia, pois as comunidades locais adaptam seus sistemas de reciclagem para enfrentar os desafios locais. Em Viena, o município criou um contêiner de coleta de óleo de cozinha para seus clientes na indústria gastronômica e hoteleira, com uma coleção limpa e um serviço confiável de coleta. 20 O óleo de cozinha é transportado para usinas de biodiesel, seja transformado em biodiesel. Esta reciclagem resolve dois problemas: fornecimento de matéria-prima para a produção de biodiesel e o bloqueio de esgotos municipais a partir de gordura e óleo usados.

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A lição que podemos aprender de países da União Europeia densamente e escassamente povoados é que para a reciclagem ser localmente benéfica, ela deve ser sustentável, e o material reciclado deve fazer parte de uma economia circular que cria valor comercial a partir de itens descartados. É assim que a reciclagem pode ser sustentável a longo prazo. A densidade populacional não é um indicador tão forte quanto os hábitos dos cidadãos e as políticas do governo para promover a reciclagem acima do aterro. O sucesso dessas iniciativas é visto em uma taxa cada vez maior de hábitos de reciclagem dos cidadãos.

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Pode-se observar que os países menos populosos e mais densamente povoados da Europa têm hábitos de reciclagem semelhantes. Por exemplo, a Finlândia e a Holanda valorizam o conceito de proteção ambiental. Os países que ainda são aterros não possuem capacidade e níveis de consciência pública para fazer mudanças significativas. Estes incluem os países densamente e escassamente povoados, como Malta (alta densidade e reciclagem pobre) e Romênia (baixa densidade e reciclagem pobre). A tendência em toda a União Europeia, no entanto, está se movendo de forma constante em direção ao fim do aterro, com um aumento na reciclagem e um aumento crescente nas iniciativas de geração de energia para resíduos.

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2018-10-15T12:04:48+00:00By |Categories: Europe, Reciclagem ampla|0 Comments

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Страны в Европейском Союзе имеют разную плотность населения, от очень плотной Мальты, Нидерландов и Бельгии до малонаселенной Финляндии, Швеция и Эстония. Было показано, что плотность населения влияет на экосистему рециркуляции, потому что городские, густонаселенные районы имеют тенденцию улучшаться с рециркуляция . В густонаселенных районах стоимость сбора создает экономию за счет масштаба, которая оправдывает логистические затраты на перемещение отходы в центры переработки или переработки.

В этой статье рассматривается, как проблемы материально-технического обеспечения преодолеваются некоторыми из менее густонаселенных стран. В нем также определены некоторые передовые методы, повышающие экономическую эффективность программ утилизации в Европе.

Мы начинаем с самой густонаселенной страны с хорошим набором данных о переработке , который является Нидерландами. В стране плотность населения составляет 414 человек на квадратный километр, а более 17 миллионов человек упакованы в 41 543 квадратных километра. 1 Наименее густонаселенная страна в Европе – Финляндия с 16 человек на квадратный километр и 5.3 миллион человек, пользующихся 337 030 квадратных километров.

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Согласно европейской статистике, весь регион ЕС перерабатывал или компостировал 45,0% своих муниципальных отходов в 2015 году по сравнению с 25,3% в 2000 году и 38,3% в 2010 году, что указывает на то, что ЕС явно переходит к более экологически чистым режимам муниципального образования управление отходами как в долгосрочной перспективе, так и в в ближайщем будущем. Начиная с 2000 года, скорость переработки постоянно увеличивалась почти на 4 % в год. 2

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Северные государства-члены, такие как Швеция, Финляндия и Норвегия, располагают разнообразными политическими инструментами и строгими нормами по управлению отходами и склонны перерабатывать относительно высокую долю муниципальных отходов. Некоторые из политических мер, которые поощряют рециркуляцию, являются обязательным разделением типов муниципальных отходов, высокими сборами сбора мусора и налогами на свалку. Германия имеет самый высокий коэффициент рециркуляции в ЕС с 66,1% отходов, перерабатываемых повторно.

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С другой стороны спектра находятся южные государства ЕС Мальты и Румыния, которые перерабатывают 6,7% и 13,1% своих отходов соответственно. Основной проблемой для рециркуляции в южных штатах является отсутствие инфраструктуры рециркуляции 5 и отсутствие эффекта масштаба для возмещения расходов на рециркуляцию.6

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Что эти страны делают хорошо и что они делают неправильно? Во-первых, фактическая структура систем сбора и рециркуляции показывает много о культуре рециркуляции и ее принятии. В дальнейшем в этой статье мы рассмотрим конкретные материалы, такие как пластмассы, картон и более сложные материалы.

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Системы сбора и рециркуляции

Нидерланды, где население плотно, имеют один из лучших 7 Страна разделяет это верхнее различие с Австрией, Данией, Швеция , Германия и Бельгия. Эти страны имеют менее 5% своих отходов, отправляющихся на полигоны для мусора и хорошо разработали переработку .

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В Нидерландах 78% отходов перерабатывается, 19% сжигается, и только 3% переходит в свалки . Одной из причин этих успехов является то, что страна видит важность защиты окружающей среды и переработка довольно рано в 1960-х годах. 8 Они также налагали большую ответственность за производителей за то, что они несут ответственность за свои отходы. Муниципалитеты, а также провинциальные и национальные власти работают в тесном сотрудничестве.

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Некоторые малонаселенные страны, такие как Финляндия, отмечают эти подходы. В 2002 году Финляндия направила 62,5% своих муниципальных отходов в полигон , но к 2015 году этот показатель составлял всего 11%. 9 Что случилось? В начале 2000-х годов правительственная политика создала план оздания отходов , и через десять лет эта мощность выросла в шесть раз. В частности, в стране построены новые заводы по переработке отходов, которые в настоящее время поставляют домашним хозяйствам отопление зимой, а летом – электричество.

Помимо инвестиций в рекуперацию энергии, переработка и системы сбора также были усилены. Эти усилия привели к умеренному увеличению с 29% отходы, перерабатываемые в 2002 году, до 40% отходов, переработанных в 2015 году. 10 Понятно, что получение голландских пропорций 78% все еще далеко. Так в чем главная задача?

Основной проблемой для таких стран, как Финляндия, является высокая стоимость логистики отходов . Финские люди являются активными рециклистами и достигают 100% ставки сбора за стеклянные бутылки и 95% коллекции для алюминиевые банки . Бумага также перерабатывается по самым высоким показателям в Европе. 11 Но Финляндия все еще не в состоянии достичь 50% утилизация к 2016 году.

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Другой пример малонаселенной страны, которая преуспевает в переработке является соседним Швеция . Шведцы сжигали 48% своих отходов, переработанные 48% и захоронены всего 2% в 2014. 12 В том же году Швеция объявила, что будет импортировать мусор из других европейских стран, таких как Великобритания, Италия, Норвегия и Ирландия, чтобы направлять свои отходы на энергетические станции, производящие электроэнергию с турбогенераторами. Швеция постановила, что станции по переработке отходов должны находиться не более чем в 300 метрах от любого жилого района. Швеция также установила жесткие правила для производителей платить за утилизации программ их продукции. 13 </ sup> Например, H & amp; M требуется для сбора старых предметов одежды для рециркуляция .

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Переработка пластмасс

Некоторые материалы перерабатываются более успешно, чем другие. Пластмасса – сложный материал для переработки. Тем не менее, переработка пластмасс является необходимостью в целях сокращения истощения природных ресурсов. Если пластмассы не перерабатываются, их либо сжигают, либо выбрасывают в естественной среде, где они в конечном итоге способствуют загрязнению. Возможность переработки пластмассы предпочтительнее поскольку пластмассы изготовлены из невозобновляемого углеводородного ресурса. Некоторые сообщества лучше других при создании пластмасс часть круговой экономики.

Переработка пластмассы является более сложной, поскольку она не столь выгодно, как переработка , очевидно, драгоценные материалы, которые приходят на перепродажу цена, как металл. Пластмасса также более сложна из-за технических препятствий, таких как разделение фаз вторичного пластика и ограниченное применение для наиболее часто изготавливаемых пластмасс, полипропилена и полиэтилена. Однако эти проблемы можно свести к минимуму, если производители продуктов минимизируют смешивание упаковочных материалов и устраняют загрязняющие вещества. 14

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Так как же густонаселенные и малонаселенные страны в Европейском Союзе тарифицируются по сравнению с переработка пластмасс ? Голландцы собирают пластик для переработки, наряду с другими материалами, но пластик обычно ухудшается по качеству и поэтому его трудно повторно использовать. 15 Это, в свою очередь, увеличивает стоимость утилизация пластмасс .

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Недавно голландцы проанализировали последствия переработки пластмасс и пришел к выводу, что это приводит к низкосортному использованию и не улучшает выбросы углерода. 16 Исследование настаивало на том, что местные жители скорее должны тратить больше средств на процесс выбора высококачественного пластика для переработки. Он также предположил, что пластмассы, составляющие 90% упаковки, только добавляют к пластическому загрязнению и что рециркуляция не является решением для пластик подстилка.

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Недавно голландская организация объявила о планах по утилизации пластического загрязнения из океана и использовать его для строительства автомагистралей в Роттердаме. План состоит в том, чтобы собирать пластмассовый материал из океана, который должен обрабатываться и сжиматься в строительные блоки для дорог. 17

В Финляндии национальная система сбора пластмасс даже не была создана до 2016 года, поскольку пластиковые бутылки были выкуплены покупателями на 10-40 центов. Затем пластиковые бутылки снова используются производителем напитков. Только 16% других пластмассовых отходов перерабатываются. Когда это невозможно, пластик заканчивается в одной из финских сетей установок для сжигания, которая превращает пластиковые отходы в энергию. В Финляндии пластик часто объединяется в секции или слои пищевых пакетов, и это делает утилизация . Решение о прекращении использования пластмассовых отходов рассматривается как работа с производителями для производства только перерабатываемых или биосодержащих материалов.

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Бумага и картон

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Некоторые материалы легко перерабатываются. Например, используемая бумага имеет долгую историю переработки в Финляндии, которая является ведущим производителем и экспортером бумажных изделий. Используемая бумага была собрана в Финляндии почти столетие. 18 Точки сбора, как правило, доступны в каждом районе и включают в себя как бумажные, так и картонные мусорные корзины. Одна пятая финских бытовых отходов состоит из бумаги. Переработанный материал в основном используется для изготовления туалетной бумаги и газет. В 2015 году инновационная разработка была разработана Университетом Аалто и Техническим исследовательским центром VTT, который превращает макулатуру и картон ито текстильных изделий и одежды.19

[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”2_5″ layout=”2_5″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_imageframe image_id=”3342″ max_width=”” style_type=”glow” stylecolor=”” hover_type=”zoomin” bordersize=”” bordercolor=”” borderradius=”” align=”center” lightbox=”no” gallery_id=”” lightbox_image=”” alt=”” link=”” linktarget=”_self” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=””]https://www.earthsquad.global/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/4-14.jpg[/fusion_imageframe][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=””][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”1_3″ layout=”1_3″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_chart title=”” chart_type=”bar” chart_legend_position=”” x_axis_label=”” y_axis_label=”Paper Recycle” show_tooltips=”” chart_border_type=”smooth” chart_fill=”off” chart_point_style=”circle” chart_point_size=”3″ chart_point_bg_color=”” chart_point_border_color=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” chart_bg_color=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” chart_axis_text_color=”” chart_gridline_color=”” x_axis_labels=”75%|50%” legend_text_colors=”#ffffff|#ffffff” bg_colors=”#00bcd4|#8bc34a” border_colors=”#00bcd4|#8bc34a” chart_border_size=””][fusion_chart_dataset title=”Data Set 1″ legend_text_color=”#ffffff” background_color=”#00bcd4″ border_color=”#00bcd4″ values=”75|50″][/fusion_chart_dataset][/fusion_chart][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”2_3″ layout=”2_3″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_separator style_type=”none” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” sep_color=”” top_margin=”20px” bottom_margin=”” border_size=”” icon=”” icon_circle=”” icon_circle_color=”” width=”” alignment=”center” /][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]В Нидерландах около 75% бумаги перерабатывается, тогда как в Европейском Союзе этот показатель ближе к 50% . Бумагу собирают, как правило, без ящиков, так как люди, как ожидается, будут поставлять картонные упакованные коробки из использованных бумажных изделий. Некоторые из картона и бумаги собираются через местные спортивные группы и школы.[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”https://www.earthsquad.global/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/7-85.jpg” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”40px” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”60px” padding_right=”40px” padding_bottom=”40px” padding_left=”40px”][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”1_1″ layout=”1_1″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0.88)” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” undefined=”” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”40px” padding_right=”25px” padding_bottom=”25px” padding_left=”25px” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]

Необычные элементы утилизации

В примерах бумаги и пластика можно начать понимать, что предметы рециркуляции бумаги, которые являются частью круговой экономики, обычно легко утилизируются. Однако переработка пластмасс является проблемой во всем мире. Инновационные решения необходимы для коммерческого использования пластмасс. Нидерланды хотят начать использовать пластмассы в качестве дорог, в то время как Финляндия планирует нагреть свои зимы путем сжигания пластмасс. Тем не менее, он обеспокоен тем, что переработка пластмассы не снижает углеродный след. Казалось бы, наилучшим подходом было бы отказаться от материала в целом, поскольку оно не добавляет ценности, а скорее истощает невозобновляемый ресурс и в конечном итоге способствует загрязнению.

Некоторые необычные предметы перерабатываются в Европейском союзе, поскольку местные общины адаптируют свои системы рециркуляции для решения местных задач. В Вене муниципалитет создал контейнер для сбора кулинарных масел для своих клиентов в области гастрономии и гостиничного бизнеса с чистой коллекцией и надежным обслуживанием. 20 Кулинарное масло транспортируется на биодизельные заводы, независимо от того, перерабатывается ли оно в биодизель. Эта рециркуляция решает две проблемы: поставку сырья для производства биодизеля и блокирование муниципальных канализаций от использованного жира и масла.

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Урок, который мы можем извлечь из как плотно, так и малонаселенных стран Европейского союза, заключается в том, что для того, чтобы рециркуляция была на местном уровне выгодной, она должна быть устойчивой, а переработанные материалы должны стать частью круговой экономики, создающей коммерческую ценность из отходов. Таким образом, рециркуляция может быть устойчивой в долгосрочной перспективе. Плотность населения не так сильна, как показатель, как привычки граждан и политика правительства в целях содействия рециркуляции выше захоронения. Успех этих инициатив проявляется в постоянно растущих показателях привычки к рециркуляции граждан.

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Можно видеть, что как наименее, так и самые густонаселенные страны в Европе имеют сходные привычки утилизации. Например, Финляндия и Нидерланды оценивают концепцию охраны окружающей среды. Страны, которые по-прежнему захоронения отходов , лишены как институциональных потенциала и уровня информированности общественности для внесения значимых изменений. К ним относятся как плотно, так и малонаселенные страны, такие как Мальта (высокая плотность и плохая переработка) и Румыния (низкая плотность и плохая переработка). Тенденция во всем Европейском Союзе, однако, неуклонно продвигается к окончанию захоронения отходов, с переходом на рециркуляцию и растущим всплеском инициатив, связанных с отходами.

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2018-10-15T15:09:34+00:00By |Categories: Европа, Мировая обработка|0 Comments

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Los países de la Unión Europea tienen diferentes densidades de población, desde la muy densa Malta, Holanda y Bélgica a la escasamente poblada, Finlandia, Suecia y Estonia. Se ha demostrado que la densidad de población afecta el ecosistema de reciclaje porque las áreas urbanas y densamente pobladas tienden a funcionar mejor con reciclaje . En áreas densamente pobladas, el costo de la recolección crea economías de escala que justifican el costo logístico de mover waste a los centros de reciclaje o procesamiento.

Este artículo explora cómo los desafíos logísticos son superados por algunos de los países menos densamente poblados. También identifica algunas mejores prácticas que aumentan la rentabilidad de los programas de reciclaje en toda Europa.

Comenzamos con el país más densamente poblado con un buen conjunto de datos sobre reciclaje , que es los Países Bajos. El país tiene una densidad de población de 414 personas por kilómetro cuadrado y más de 17 millones de personas agrupadas en 41.543 kilómetros cuadrados. 1 El país menos densamente poblado de Europa es Finlandia con 16 personas por kilómetro cuadrado, y 5.3 millones de personas que disfrutan de 337,030 kilómetros cuadrados.[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”2_5″ layout=”2_5″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_imageframe image_id=”1588″ max_width=”” style_type=”glow” stylecolor=”” hover_type=”zoomin” bordersize=”” bordercolor=”” borderradius=”” align=”center” lightbox=”no” gallery_id=”” lightbox_image=”” alt=”” link=”” linktarget=”_self” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=””]https://earthsquad.global/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/recycling-10.jpg[/fusion_imageframe][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=””][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”2_5″ layout=”2_5″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_chart title=”” chart_type=”bar” chart_legend_position=”” x_axis_label=”” y_axis_label=”Waste ” show_tooltips=”” chart_border_type=”smooth” chart_fill=”off” chart_point_style=”circle” chart_point_size=”3″ chart_point_bg_color=”” chart_point_border_color=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” chart_bg_color=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” chart_axis_text_color=”” chart_gridline_color=”” x_axis_labels=”45%|25.3%|38.3%” legend_text_colors=”#ffffff|#ffffff|#ffffff” bg_colors=”#00bcd4|#8bc34a|#ff9800″ border_colors=”#00bcd4|#8bc34a|#ff9800″ chart_border_size=””][fusion_chart_dataset title=”Data Set 1″ legend_text_color=”#ffffff” background_color=”#00bcd4″ border_color=”#00bcd4″ values=”45|25.3|38.3″][/fusion_chart_dataset][/fusion_chart][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”3_5″ layout=”3_5″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]

Según las estadísticas europeas, toda la región de la UE recicló o compostó el 45.0% de sus residuos municipales en 2015, frente a solo el 25.3% en 2000 y el 38.3% en 2010, lo que indica que la UE está cambiando hacia modos de municipalización más amigables con el medio ambiente. gestión de residuos tanto a largo plazo como a término corto. Desde 2000, la tasa de reciclaje ha aumentado continuamente en casi 4 % por año. 2

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Los estados miembros del norte como Suecia, Finlandia y Noruega tienen diversos instrumentos de política y regulaciones estrictas sobre la gestión de residuos y tienden a reciclar una parte relativamente alta de los desechos municipales. Algunas de las intervenciones de política que fomentan el reciclaje son la separación obligatoria de los tipos de residuos municipales, los elevados aranceles de recogida de residuos y los impuestos al vertedero3. Alemania tiene la tasa de reciclaje más alta de la UE con el 66,1% de los residuos generados reciclados.

[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column_inner][fusion_builder_column_inner type=”1_3″ layout=”1_3″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” hover_type=”none” link=”” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” dimension_margin=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no” border_position=”all”][fusion_counters_circle animation_offset=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=””][fusion_counter_circle value=”66″ filledcolor=”#fe717e” unfilledcolor=”#ededed” size=”190″ scales=”no” countdown=”no” speed=”1500″]66.1%[/fusion_counter_circle][/fusion_counters_circle][/fusion_builder_column_inner][/fusion_builder_row_inner][fusion_builder_row_inner][fusion_builder_column_inner type=”1_3″ layout=”1_3″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” hover_type=”none” link=”” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” dimension_margin=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no” border_position=”all”][fusion_chart title=”” chart_type=”bar” chart_legend_position=”” x_axis_label=”” y_axis_label=”Recycle” show_tooltips=”” chart_border_type=”smooth” chart_fill=”off” chart_point_style=”circle” chart_point_size=”3″ chart_point_bg_color=”” chart_point_border_color=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” chart_bg_color=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” chart_axis_text_color=”” chart_gridline_color=”” x_axis_labels=”6.7%|13.1%” legend_text_colors=”#ffffff|#ffffff” bg_colors=”#00bcd4|#8bc34a” border_colors=”#00bcd4|#8bc34a” chart_border_size=””][fusion_chart_dataset title=”Data Set 1″ legend_text_color=”#ffffff” background_color=”#00bcd4″ border_color=”#00bcd4″ values=”6.7|13.1″][/fusion_chart_dataset][/fusion_chart][/fusion_builder_column_inner][fusion_builder_column_inner type=”2_3″ layout=”2_3″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” hover_type=”none” link=”” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” dimension_margin=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no” border_position=”all”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]

En el otro lado del espectro están los estados del sur de la UE, Malta y Rumania, que reciclan el 6.7% y el 13.1% de sus desechos, respectivamente. El principal desafío para el reciclaje en los estados del sur es la falta de infraestructura de reciclaje 5 y la ausencia de economías de escala para recuperar el costo del reciclaje6.

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¿Qué están haciendo bien estos países y qué están haciendo mal? En primer lugar, la estructura real de los sistemas de recolección y reciclaje revela mucho acerca de la cultura del reciclaje y su aceptación. Más adelante en el artículo, veremos materiales específicos, como plásticos, cartón y materiales más complejos.

[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column_inner][/fusion_builder_row_inner][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”40px” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=””][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”1_1″ layout=”1_1″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=””]

Sistemas de recolección y reciclaje

Los Países Bajos, donde la población es densa, tiene uno de los mejores gestión de residuos en Europa, según la Comisión Europea. 7 El país comparte esta distinción principal con Austria, Dinamarca, Suecia , Alemania y Bélgica. Estos países tienen menos del 5% de sus residuos en vertederos y tienen sistemas reciclaje bien desarrollados.

[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”2_3″ layout=”2_3″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=””]En los Países Bajos, el 78% de waste se recicla, el 19% se incinera y solo el 3% va al vertedero . Una razón de estas tasas de éxito es que el país vio la importancia de proteger el medio ambiente y reciclaje bastante temprano en la década de 1960. 8 También impusieron una gran responsabilidad a los productores para ser responsables de sus productos de desecho. Los municipios y las autoridades provinciales y nacionales trabajan en estrecha cooperación.[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”1_3″ layout=”1_3″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_chart title=”” chart_type=”bar” chart_legend_position=”” x_axis_label=”” y_axis_label=”Recycling ” show_tooltips=”” chart_border_type=”smooth” chart_fill=”off” chart_point_style=”circle” chart_point_size=”3″ chart_point_bg_color=”” chart_point_border_color=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” chart_bg_color=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” chart_axis_text_color=”” chart_gridline_color=”” x_axis_labels=”78%|19%|3%” legend_text_colors=”#ffffff|#ffffff|#ffffff” bg_colors=”#00bcd4|#8bc34a|#ff9800″ border_colors=”#00bcd4|#8bc34a|#ff9800″ chart_border_size=””][fusion_chart_dataset title=”Data Set 1″ legend_text_color=”#ffffff” background_color=”#00bcd4″ border_color=”#00bcd4″ values=”78|19|3″][/fusion_chart_dataset][/fusion_chart][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”https://earthsquad.global/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/recycling-29.jpg” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”60px” padding_right=”40px” padding_bottom=”40px” padding_left=”40px”][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”1_1″ layout=”1_1″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0.87)” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” undefined=”” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”40px” padding_right=”25px” padding_bottom=”25px” padding_left=”25px” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]

Algunos países escasamente poblados como Finlandia han estado tomando nota de estos enfoques. En 2002, Finlandia envió el 62,5% de sus residuos municipales al vertedero , pero en 2015, la cifra fue solo del 11%. 9 ¿Qué pasó? A principios de la década de 2000, la política gubernamental creó un plan para la construcción de waste plantas de incineración y en una década esta capacidad se ha multiplicado por seis. Específicamente, el país ha construido nuevas plantas de conversión de residuos en energía que ahora abastecen a los hogares con calefacción en el invierno y electricidad en el verano.

Además de las inversiones de recuperación de energía, reciclaje y los sistemas de recolección tienen también se ha fortalecido. Estos esfuerzos han llevado a un ligero aumento del 29% de los residuos se reciclan en 2002 al 40% de los residuos reciclados en 2015. 10 Está claro que obtener las proporciones neerlandesas del 78% todavía está muy lejos. Entonces, ¿cuál es el principal desafío?

El principal desafío para países como Finlandia es el alto costo de la logística de material de desecho . Los finlandeses son recicladores activos y logran tasas de recolección del 100% para botellas de vidrio y un 95% de recolección para latas de aluminio . El papel también se recicla a las tasas más altas en Europa. 11 Pero Finlandia todavía está muy lejos de alcanzar el objetivo de alcanzar incluso el 50% reciclaje para 2016.

[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”40px” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=””][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”2_3″ layout=”2_3″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=””]Algunos países escasamente poblados como Finlandia han estado tomando nota de estos enfoques. En 2002, Finlandia envió el 62,5% de sus residuos municipales al vertedero , pero en 2015, la cifra fue solo del 11%. 9 ¿Qué pasó? A principios de la década de 2000, la política gubernamental creó un plan para la construcción de waste plantas de incineración y en una década esta capacidad se ha multiplicado por seis. Específicamente, el país ha construido nuevas plantas de conversión de residuos en energía que ahora abastecen a los hogares con calefacción en el invierno y electricidad en el verano.

Además de las inversiones de recuperación de energía, reciclaje y los sistemas de recolección tienen también se ha fortalecido. Estos esfuerzos han llevado a un ligero aumento del 29% de los residuos se reciclan en 2002 al 40% de los residuos reciclados en 2015. 10 Está claro que obtener las proporciones neerlandesas del 78% todavía está muy lejos. Entonces, ¿cuál es el principal desafío?

El principal desafío para países como Finlandia es el alto costo de la logística de material de desecho . Los finlandeses son recicladores activos y logran tasas de recolección del 100% para botellas de vidrio y un 95% de recolección para latas de aluminio . El papel también se recicla a las tasas más altas en Europa. 11 Pero Finlandia todavía está muy lejos de alcanzar el objetivo de alcanzar incluso el 50% reciclaje para 2016.[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”1_3″ layout=”1_3″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_counters_circle animation_offset=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=””][fusion_counter_circle value=”48″ filledcolor=”” unfilledcolor=”#eaeaea” size=”220″ scales=”no” countdown=”no” speed=”1500″]48%[/fusion_counter_circle][/fusion_counters_circle][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”https://earthsquad.global/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/envatoelements-kid-throwing-out-plastic-bottle-ptzwe6q.jpg” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”60px” padding_right=”40px” padding_bottom=”40px” padding_left=”40px”][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”1_1″ layout=”1_1″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0.84)” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” undefined=”” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”40px” padding_right=”25px” padding_bottom=”25px” padding_left=”25px” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]

Reciclaje de plástico

Algunos materiales se reciclan con más éxito que otros. El plástico es un material difícil de reciclar. Sin embargo, reciclaje de plásticos es una necesidad para reducir el agotamiento de los recursos naturales. Si los plásticos no se reciclan, se incineran o se descartan en el entorno natural donde terminan contribuyendo a la contaminación. La capacidad de reciclar plástico es preferible a incineración porque los plásticos están hechos de un recurso de hidrocarburos no renovable. Algunas comunidades son mejores que otras al hacer plásticos parte de una economía circular.

Reciclar plástico es más difícil porque no es tan lucrativo como reciclaje obviamente materiales preciosos que buscan una reventa precio, como el metal. El plástico también es más desafiante debido a los obstáculos técnicos, como la separación de fases de plástico reciclado y las aplicaciones limitadas para los plásticos más comúnmente fabricados, polipropileno y polietileno. Sin embargo, estos desafíos se pueden minimizar si los fabricantes de productos minimizan la mezcla de materiales de embalaje y eliminan contaminantes. 14

[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”40px” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=””][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”3_5″ layout=”3_5″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]

Entonces, ¿cómo le va a los países densamente poblados y escasamente poblados de la Unión Europea en comparación con reciclaje de plásticos ? Los holandeses están recogiendo plástico para reciclar, junto con otros materiales, pero el plástico generalmente se está empobreciendo en calidad y, por lo tanto, es difícil de reutilizar. 15 Esto, a su vez, aumenta el costo de reciclaje de plástico .

[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”2_5″ layout=”2_5″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_imageframe image_id=”2426″ max_width=”” style_type=”glow” stylecolor=”” hover_type=”zoomin” bordersize=”” bordercolor=”” borderradius=”” align=”center” lightbox=”no” gallery_id=”” lightbox_image=”” alt=”” link=”” linktarget=”_self” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=””]https://earthsquad.global/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/30.jpg[/fusion_imageframe][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=””][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”1_3″ layout=”1_3″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_counters_circle animation_offset=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=””][fusion_counter_circle value=”90″ filledcolor=”#ff6f6f” unfilledcolor=”#e8e8e8″ size=”170″ scales=”no” countdown=”no” speed=”1500″]90%[/fusion_counter_circle][/fusion_counters_circle][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”2_3″ layout=”2_3″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=””]Los holandeses analizaron recientemente los efectos de reciclaje de plásticos y concluyó que da como resultado usos de baja calidad y no mejora las emisiones de carbono. 16 La investigación insistió en que las localidades deberían gastar más en procesos para seleccionar plásticos de mejor calidad para el reprocesamiento. También sugirió que los plásticos, que constituyen el 90% de los envases, solo aumentan la contaminación plástica y que el reciclaje no es una solución para plástico basura.[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”https://earthsquad.global/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/recycling-19.jpg” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”60px” padding_right=”40px” padding_bottom=”40px” padding_left=”40px”][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”1_1″ layout=”1_1″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0.85)” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” undefined=”” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”40px” padding_right=”25px” padding_bottom=”25px” padding_left=”25px” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]

Una organización holandesa anunció recientemente planes para salvar contaminación del plástico desde el océano y usarlo para construir carreteras en Rotterdam. El plan es recoger material plástico del océano para procesarlo y comprimirlo en bloques de construcción para carreteras. 17

En Finlandia, un sistema nacional para la recolección de plásticos ni siquiera se estableció hasta 2016, ya que las botellas de plástico estaban siendo canjeadas por los compradores por 10 a 40 centavos. Las botellas de plástico son luego reutilizadas por el fabricante de bebidas. Solo el 16% de otros desechos plásticos se reciclan. Cuando no puede, el plástico termina en una de las plantas de incineración de Finlandia, que convierte residuos de plástico en energía. En Finlandia, el plástico a menudo se combina en secciones o capas de paquetes de alimentos, y esto hace que reciclaje difícil. La solución para detener el desperdicio de plástico se considera que está trabajando con los fabricantes para producir solo materiales reciclados o de base biológica.

[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”40px” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=””][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”1_1″ layout=”1_1″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” undefined=”” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”0px” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]

Papel y cartón

[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”3_5″ layout=”3_5″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]

Algunos materiales son fáciles de reciclar. Por ejemplo, el papel usado tiene una larga historia de reciclaje en Finlandia, que es un fabricante y exportador líder de productos de papel. El papel usado se ha recolectado en Finlandia durante casi un siglo. 18 Puntos de recolección generalmente están disponibles en cada vecindario e incluyen contenedores de reciclaje de papel y cartón. Una quinta parte de los residuos domésticos finlandeses está hecha de papel. El material reciclado se usa principalmente para hacer papel higiénico y periódicos. En 2015, la Universidad de Aalto y el Centro de Investigación Técnica VTT desarrollaron una innovación que transforma los textiles y las prendas de vestir de Ito y cartón.19

[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”2_5″ layout=”2_5″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_imageframe image_id=”3342″ max_width=”” style_type=”glow” stylecolor=”” hover_type=”zoomin” bordersize=”” bordercolor=”” borderradius=”” align=”center” lightbox=”no” gallery_id=”” lightbox_image=”” alt=”” link=”” linktarget=”_self” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=””]https://earthsquad.global/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/4-14.jpg[/fusion_imageframe][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=””][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”1_3″ layout=”1_3″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_chart title=”” chart_type=”bar” chart_legend_position=”” x_axis_label=”” y_axis_label=”Paper Recycle” show_tooltips=”” chart_border_type=”smooth” chart_fill=”off” chart_point_style=”circle” chart_point_size=”3″ chart_point_bg_color=”” chart_point_border_color=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” chart_bg_color=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” chart_axis_text_color=”” chart_gridline_color=”” x_axis_labels=”75%|50%” legend_text_colors=”#ffffff|#ffffff” bg_colors=”#00bcd4|#8bc34a” border_colors=”#00bcd4|#8bc34a” chart_border_size=””][fusion_chart_dataset title=”Data Set 1″ legend_text_color=”#ffffff” background_color=”#00bcd4″ border_color=”#00bcd4″ values=”75|50″][/fusion_chart_dataset][/fusion_chart][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”2_3″ layout=”2_3″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_separator style_type=”none” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” sep_color=”” top_margin=”20px” bottom_margin=”” border_size=”” icon=”” icon_circle=”” icon_circle_color=”” width=”” alignment=”center” /][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]En los Países Bajos, aproximadamente 75% de papel se recicla, mientras que en la Unión Europea, la cifra es más cercana al 50% . El papel se recoge generalmente sin cajas, ya que se espera que las personas proporcionen paquetes de cajas de cartón de productos de papel usados. Parte del cartón y el papel se recolectan a través de grupos deportivos locales y escuelas.[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”https://earthsquad.global/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/7-85.jpg” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”40px” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”60px” padding_right=”40px” padding_bottom=”40px” padding_left=”40px”][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”1_1″ layout=”1_1″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0.88)” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” undefined=”” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”40px” padding_right=”25px” padding_bottom=”25px” padding_left=”25px” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]

Artículos de reciclaje inusuales

A través de los ejemplos de papel y plástico, uno puede comenzar a ver que los artículos de reciclaje de papel, que son parte de la economía circular, generalmente son fáciles de reciclar. El reciclaje de plástico, sin embargo, es un problema en todas partes. Se requieren soluciones innovadoras para que el reciclaje de plásticos sea comercialmente viable. Los Países Bajos quieren comenzar a usar plástico como caminos, mientras que Finlandia planea calentar sus inviernos mediante la incineración de plásticos. Sin embargo, es preocupante que el reciclaje de plástico no reduzca la huella de carbono. Parecería que el mejor enfoque sería abandonar el material por completo, porque no agrega valor, sino que agota un recurso no renovable y termina contribuyendo a la contaminación.

Algunos elementos inusuales se reciclan en la Unión Europea, a medida que las comunidades locales adaptan sus sistemas de reciclaje para hacer frente a los desafíos locales. En Viena, el municipio ha establecido un contenedor de recogida de aceite de cocina para sus clientes en la industria gastronómica y hotelera con una recogida limpia y un servicio de recogida fiable. 20 El aceite de cocina se transporta a plantas de biodiesel, ya sea que se procese en biodiesel. Este reciclaje resuelve dos problemas: el suministro de materia prima para la producción de biodiesel y el bloqueo de las alcantarillas municipales de grasas y aceites usados.

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La lección que podemos aprender de los países de la Unión Europea densa y escasamente poblados es que para que el reciclaje sea localmente beneficioso, debe ser sostenible, y el material reciclado debe formar parte de una economía circular que genere valor comercial a partir de los desechos. Así es como el reciclaje puede ser sostenible a largo plazo. La densidad de población no es un indicador tan fuerte como los hábitos de los ciudadanos y las políticas de gobierno para promover el reciclaje por encima del vertido. El éxito de estas iniciativas se ve en una tasa cada vez mayor en los hábitos de reciclaje de los ciudadanos.

[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”2_5″ layout=”2_5″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_imageframe image_id=”1577″ max_width=”” style_type=”glow” stylecolor=”” hover_type=”zoomin” bordersize=”” bordercolor=”” borderradius=”” align=”center” lightbox=”no” gallery_id=”” lightbox_image=”” alt=”” link=”” linktarget=”_self” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=””]https://earthsquad.global/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/recycling-21.jpg[/fusion_imageframe][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”https://earthsquad.global/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/5-85.jpg” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”10px” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=””][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”2_5″ layout=”2_5″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” undefined=”” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”0px” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”3_5″ layout=”3_5″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0.88)” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” undefined=”” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”40px” padding_right=”25px” padding_bottom=”25px” padding_left=”25px” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”0px” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=””]

Se puede ver que tanto los países menos poblados como los más densamente poblados de Europa tienen hábitos similares de reciclaje. Por ejemplo, Finlandia y los Países Bajos valoran cada uno el concepto de protección del medio ambiente. Los países que aún están vertederos carecen de los recursos institucionales necesarios. capacidad y niveles de conciencia pública para hacer cambios significativos. Estos incluyen países densamente poblados y escasamente poblados, como Malta (alta densidad y reciclaje deficiente) y Rumania (baja densidad y reciclaje deficiente). Sin embargo, la tendencia en toda la Unión Europea se está moviendo constantemente hacia el final de los vertederos, con un repunte en el reciclaje y un aumento en las iniciativas de conversión de residuos en energía.

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2018-10-18T13:10:47+00:00By |Categories: Europa, Reciclaje en todo el mundo|0 Comments

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Countries in the European Union have different population densities, from the highly dense Malta, Netherlands and Belgium to the sparsely populated, Finland, Sweden, and Estonia. Population density has been shown to affect the recycling ecosystem because urban, densely populated areas tend to do better with recycling. In densely populated areas, the cost of collection creates economies of scale that justify the logistical cost of moving waste to the recycling or processing centers.

This article explores how logistical challenges are overcome by some of the less densely populated countries. It also identifies some best practices that increase the cost efficiency of recycling programs across Europe.

We start with the most densely populated country with a good data set about recycling, which is the Netherlands. The country has a population density of 414 persons per square kilometer, and over 17 million persons packed into 41,543 square kilometers.1 The least densely populated country in Europe is Finland with 16 persons per square kilometer, and 5.3 million persons enjoying 337,030 square kilometers.

[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”2_5″ layout=”2_5″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” dimension_margin=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_imageframe image_id=”1588″ max_width=”” style_type=”glow” stylecolor=”” hover_type=”zoomin” bordersize=”” bordercolor=”” borderradius=”” align=”center” lightbox=”no” gallery_id=”” lightbox_image=”” alt=”” link=”” linktarget=”_self” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=””]https://earthsquad.global/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/recycling-10.jpg[/fusion_imageframe][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=””][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”2_5″ layout=”2_5″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” dimension_margin=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_chart title=”” chart_type=”bar” chart_legend_position=”” x_axis_label=”” y_axis_label=”Waste ” show_tooltips=”” chart_border_type=”smooth” chart_fill=”off” chart_point_style=”circle” chart_point_size=”3″ chart_point_bg_color=”” chart_point_border_color=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” chart_bg_color=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” chart_axis_text_color=”” chart_gridline_color=”” x_axis_labels=”45%|25.3%|38.3%” legend_text_colors=”#ffffff|#ffffff|#ffffff” bg_colors=”#00bcd4|#8bc34a|#ff9800″ border_colors=”#00bcd4|#8bc34a|#ff9800″ chart_border_size=””][fusion_chart_dataset title=”Data Set 1″ legend_text_color=”#ffffff” background_color=”#00bcd4″ border_color=”#00bcd4″ values=”45|25.3|38.3″][/fusion_chart_dataset][/fusion_chart][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”3_5″ layout=”3_5″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” dimension_margin=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]According to European statistics, The entire EU region recycled or composted 45.0 % of its municipal waste in 2015, up from just 25.3 % in 2000 and 38.3 % in 2010, indicating that the EU is clearly shifting towards more environmentally friendly modes of municipal waste management both in the long term and the short term. Since 2000, the recycling rate has been increasing continuously by almost 4 % per year. 2[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”https://earthsquad.global/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/9-84.jpg” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”60px” padding_right=”40px” padding_bottom=”40px” padding_left=”40px”][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”1_1″ layout=”1_1″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0.86)” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” undefined=”” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”40px” padding_right=”25px” padding_bottom=”25px” padding_left=”25px” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_builder_row_inner][fusion_builder_column_inner type=”2_3″ layout=”2_3″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” hover_type=”none” link=”” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” dimension_margin=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no” border_position=”all”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]Northern member states like Sweden, Finland and Norway have diverse policy instruments and strict regulations on waste management and tend to recycle a relatively high share of municipal waste. Some of the policy interventions that encourage recycling are a mandatory separation of municipal waste types, high waste collection fees, and landfill taxes.3Germany has the highest recycling rate in the EU with 66.1% of waste generated recycled.4[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column_inner][fusion_builder_column_inner type=”1_3″ layout=”1_3″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” hover_type=”none” link=”” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” dimension_margin=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no” border_position=”all”][fusion_counters_circle animation_offset=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=””][fusion_counter_circle value=”66″ filledcolor=”#fe717e” unfilledcolor=”#ededed” size=”190″ scales=”no” countdown=”no” speed=”1500″]66.1%[/fusion_counter_circle][/fusion_counters_circle][/fusion_builder_column_inner][/fusion_builder_row_inner][fusion_builder_row_inner][fusion_builder_column_inner type=”1_3″ layout=”1_3″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” hover_type=”none” link=”” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” dimension_margin=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no” border_position=”all”][fusion_chart title=”” chart_type=”bar” chart_legend_position=”” x_axis_label=”” y_axis_label=”Recycle” show_tooltips=”” chart_border_type=”smooth” chart_fill=”off” chart_point_style=”circle” chart_point_size=”3″ chart_point_bg_color=”” chart_point_border_color=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” chart_bg_color=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” chart_axis_text_color=”” chart_gridline_color=”” x_axis_labels=”6.7%|13.1%” legend_text_colors=”#ffffff|#ffffff” bg_colors=”#00bcd4|#8bc34a” border_colors=”#00bcd4|#8bc34a” chart_border_size=””][fusion_chart_dataset title=”Data Set 1″ legend_text_color=”#ffffff” background_color=”#00bcd4″ border_color=”#00bcd4″ values=”6.7|13.1″][/fusion_chart_dataset][/fusion_chart][/fusion_builder_column_inner][fusion_builder_column_inner type=”2_3″ layout=”2_3″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” hover_type=”none” link=”” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” dimension_margin=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no” border_position=”all”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]On the other side of the spectrum are the Southern EU states of Malta and Romania, which recycle 6.7% and 13.1% of their waste, respectively. The main challenge for recycling in the southern states is a lack of recycling infrastructure 5and the absence of economies of scale for recovering the cost of recycling.6[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column_inner][fusion_builder_column_inner type=”1_1″ layout=”1_1″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” hover_type=”none” link=”” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” dimension_margin=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no” border_position=”all”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]

What are these countries doing well and what are they doing wrong? Firstly, the actual structure of collection and recycling systems reveal a lot about recycling culture and its acceptance. Later on in the article, we will look at specific materials, like plastics, cardboard, and more complex materials.

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Collection and recycling systems

The Netherlands, where the population is dense, has one of the best waste management programs in Europe, according to the European Commission. 7The country shares this top distinction with Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Germany, and Belgium. These countries have less than 5% of their waste going to landfills and have well-developed recycling systems.[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”2_3″ layout=”2_3″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” dimension_margin=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]In the Netherlands, 78% of waste is recycled, 19% is incinerated and only 3% goes to the landfill. One reason for these success rates is that the country saw the importance of protecting the environment and recycling fairly early on in the 1960s.8They also imposed heavy responsibility on producers to be responsible for their waste products. The municipalities, and provincial and national authorities all work in close cooperation.[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”1_3″ layout=”1_3″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” dimension_margin=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_chart title=”” chart_type=”bar” chart_legend_position=”” x_axis_label=”” y_axis_label=”Recycling ” show_tooltips=”” chart_border_type=”smooth” chart_fill=”off” chart_point_style=”circle” chart_point_size=”3″ chart_point_bg_color=”” chart_point_border_color=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” chart_bg_color=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” chart_axis_text_color=”” chart_gridline_color=”” x_axis_labels=”78%|19%|3%” legend_text_colors=”#ffffff|#ffffff|#ffffff” bg_colors=”#00bcd4|#8bc34a|#ff9800″ border_colors=”#00bcd4|#8bc34a|#ff9800″ chart_border_size=””][fusion_chart_dataset title=”Data Set 1″ legend_text_color=”#ffffff” background_color=”#00bcd4″ border_color=”#00bcd4″ values=”78|19|3″][/fusion_chart_dataset][/fusion_chart][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”https://earthsquad.global/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/recycling-29.jpg” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”60px” padding_right=”40px” padding_bottom=”40px” padding_left=”40px”][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”1_1″ layout=”1_1″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0.87)” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” undefined=”” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”40px” padding_right=”25px” padding_bottom=”25px” padding_left=”25px” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]Some sparsely populated countries like Finland have been taking note of these approaches. In 2002, Finland sent 62.5% of its municipal waste to the landfill, but by 2015, the figure was only 11%.9What happened? In the early 2000s, government policy created a plan for the building of waste incineration plants and in a decade this capacity has grown six-fold. Specifically, the country has built new waste-to-energy plants that now supply households with heating in the winter, and electricity in the summer.

In addition to the energy recovery investments, recycling and collection systems have also been strengthened. These efforts have led to a mild increase from 29% of waste being recycled in 2002 to 40% of waste recycled in 2015.10It is clear that getting the Dutch proportions of 78% is still a long way off. So what is the main challenge?

The main challenge for countries like Finland is the high cost of logistics of waste material. Finnish people are active recyclers and achieve 100% collection rates for glass bottles and 95% collection for aluminum cans. Paper is also recycled at the highest rates in Europe. 11 But Finland is still way off its target of even reaching 50% recycling by 2016.[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”40px” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=””][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”2_3″ layout=”2_3″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” dimension_margin=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]Another example of a sparsely populated country which is doing well with recycling is neighboring Sweden. The Swedish incinerated 48% of their waste, recycled 48% and landfilled only 2% in 2014. 12The same year, Sweden announced that it would be importing trash from other European countries like UK, Italy, Norway, and Ireland to feed its waste to energy plants that produce electricity with generator turbines. Sweden has legislated that recycling stations must be no more than 300 meters away from any residential area. Sweden has also instituted tough regulations for producers to pay for recycling programs of their products. 13 For example, H&M is required to collect old garments for recycling.[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”1_3″ layout=”1_3″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” dimension_margin=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_counters_circle animation_offset=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=””][fusion_counter_circle value=”48″ filledcolor=”” unfilledcolor=”#eaeaea” size=”220″ scales=”no” countdown=”no” speed=”1500″]48%[/fusion_counter_circle][/fusion_counters_circle][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”https://earthsquad.global/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/envatoelements-kid-throwing-out-plastic-bottle-ptzwe6q.jpg” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”60px” padding_right=”40px” padding_bottom=”40px” padding_left=”40px”][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”1_1″ layout=”1_1″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0.84)” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” undefined=”” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”40px” padding_right=”25px” padding_bottom=”25px” padding_left=”25px” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]

Plastic recycling

Some materials are recycled more successfully than others. Plastic is a difficult material to recycle. Yet, plastics recycling is a necessity in order to reduce natural resource depletion. If plastics are not recycled, they are either incinerated or discarded in the natural environment where they end up contributing to pollution. Ability to recycle plastic is preferred to incineration because plastics are made from a non-renewable hydrocarbon resource. Some communities are better than others at making plastics part of a circular economy.

Recycling plastic is more challenging because it is not as lucrative as recycling obviously precious materials that fetch a resale price, like metal. Plastic is also more challenging because of technical hurdles, such as phase separation of recycled plastic and limited applications for the most commonly manufactured plastics, polypropylene and polyethylene. These challenges, however, can be minimized if product manufacturers minimize mixing of packaging materials and eliminate contaminants.14[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”40px” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=””][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”3_5″ layout=”3_5″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” dimension_margin=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]So how do the densely populated and sparsely populated countries in the European Union fare by comparison with plastics recycling? The Dutch are collecting plastic for recycling, along with other materials, but the plastic is generally getting poorer in quality, and therefore difficult to reuse. 15 This in turn, is increasing the cost of recycling plastic.[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”2_5″ layout=”2_5″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” dimension_margin=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_imageframe image_id=”2426″ max_width=”” style_type=”glow” stylecolor=”” hover_type=”zoomin” bordersize=”” bordercolor=”” borderradius=”” align=”center” lightbox=”no” gallery_id=”” lightbox_image=”” alt=”” link=”” linktarget=”_self” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=””]https://earthsquad.global/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/30.jpg[/fusion_imageframe][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=””][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”1_3″ layout=”1_3″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” dimension_margin=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_counters_circle animation_offset=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=””][fusion_counter_circle value=”90″ filledcolor=”#ff6f6f” unfilledcolor=”#e8e8e8″ size=”170″ scales=”no” countdown=”no” speed=”1500″]90%[/fusion_counter_circle][/fusion_counters_circle][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”2_3″ layout=”2_3″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” dimension_margin=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]The Dutch recently analyzed the effects of plastics recycling and concluded that it results in low-grade uses and does not improve carbon emissions. 16 The research insisted that localities should rather spend more on processes to select better quality plastic for reprocessing. It also suggested that plastics, which makes up 90% of packaging, only adds to the plastic pollution and that recycling is not a solution to plastic litter.[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”https://earthsquad.global/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/recycling-19.jpg” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”60px” padding_right=”40px” padding_bottom=”40px” padding_left=”40px”][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”1_1″ layout=”1_1″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0.85)” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” undefined=”” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”40px” padding_right=”25px” padding_bottom=”25px” padding_left=”25px” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]A Dutch organization recently announced plans to salvage plastic pollution from the ocean and use it to build highways in Rotterdam. The plan is to gather plastic material out of the ocean to be processed and compressed into building blocks for roads. 17

In Finland, a national system for collecting plastics was not even set up until 2016, because plastic bottles were being redeemed by shoppers for 10 to 40 cents. The plastic bottles are then re-used by the drinks manufacturer. Only 16% of other plastic waste is being recycled. When it cannot, the plastic ends up at one of Finland’s network of incineration plants, which turns plastic waste into energy. In Finland, plastic is often combined into sections or layers of food packages, and this makes recycling difficult. The solution to stop plastic waste is seen as working with manufacturers to produce only recycle or bio-based materials.[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”40px” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=””][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”1_1″ layout=”1_1″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” undefined=”” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”0px” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]

Paper and cardboard

[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”3_5″ layout=”3_5″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” dimension_margin=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]Some materials are easy to recycle. For example, used paper has a long history of recycling in Finland, which is a leading manufacturer and exporter of paper products. Used paper has been collected in Finland for almost a century. 18 Collection points are generally available in every neighborhood and include both paper and cardboard recycling bins. One-fifth of Finnish household waste is made up of paper. The recycled material is mostly used to make toilet paper and newspapers. In 2015, an innovation was developed by Aalto University and VTT Technical Research Center that turns waste paper and cardboard Ito textiles and garments.19[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”2_5″ layout=”2_5″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” dimension_margin=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_imageframe image_id=”3342″ max_width=”” style_type=”glow” stylecolor=”” hover_type=”zoomin” bordersize=”” bordercolor=”” borderradius=”” align=”center” lightbox=”no” gallery_id=”” lightbox_image=”” alt=”” link=”” linktarget=”_self” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=””]https://earthsquad.global/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/4-14.jpg[/fusion_imageframe][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=””][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”1_3″ layout=”1_3″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” dimension_margin=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_chart title=”” chart_type=”bar” chart_legend_position=”” x_axis_label=”” y_axis_label=”Paper Recycle” show_tooltips=”” chart_border_type=”smooth” chart_fill=”off” chart_point_style=”circle” chart_point_size=”3″ chart_point_bg_color=”” chart_point_border_color=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” chart_bg_color=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” chart_axis_text_color=”” chart_gridline_color=”” x_axis_labels=”75%|50%” legend_text_colors=”#ffffff|#ffffff” bg_colors=”#00bcd4|#8bc34a” border_colors=”#00bcd4|#8bc34a” chart_border_size=””][fusion_chart_dataset title=”Data Set 1″ legend_text_color=”#ffffff” background_color=”#00bcd4″ border_color=”#00bcd4″ values=”75|50″][/fusion_chart_dataset][/fusion_chart][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”2_3″ layout=”2_3″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” dimension_margin=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_separator style_type=”none” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” sep_color=”” top_margin=”20px” bottom_margin=”” border_size=”” icon=”” icon_circle=”” icon_circle_color=”” width=”” alignment=”center” /][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” class=”” id=””]

In the Netherlands, about 75% of paper is recycled, whereas, in the European Union, the figure is closer to 50%. Paper is collected generally without boxes, as people are expected to provide cardboard boxed packages of used paper products. Some of the cardboard and paper are collected through local sports groups and schools.

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Unusual recycling items

Through the examples of paper and plastic, one can begin to see that the paper recycling items, which are part of the circular economy, are generally easy to recycle. Plastic recycling, however, is a problem everywhere. Innovative solutions are required to make plastics recycling commercially viable. The Netherlands wants to start using plastic as roads, while Finland plans to heat up its winters through incineration of plastics. However, it is worrying that plastic recycling does not reduce the carbon footprint. It would seem that the best approach would be to abandon the material altogether, because it does not add value but rather depletes a non-renewable resource and ends up contributing to pollution.

Some unusual items are being recycled in the European Union, as local communities adapt their recycling systems to address local challenges. In Vienna, the municipality has set up a cooking oil collection container, for their customer in the gastronomy and hotel industry with a clean collection and reliable pick up service. 20 The cooking oil is transported to biodiesel plants, whether it is processed into biodiesel. This recycling solves two problems: supply of raw material for biodiesel production and the blocking up of municipal sewers from used fat and oil.

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The lesson that we can learn from both densely and sparsely populated European Union countries is that for recycling to be locally beneficial, it must be sustainable, and the recycled material should form part of a circular economy creating commercial value out of waste items. This is how recycling can be sustainable in the long term. Population density is not as strong of an indicator as the habits of citizens and policies of government to promote recycling above landfilling. The success of these initiatives is seen in an ever-increasing rate in recycling habits of citizens.

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It can be seen that both the least and most densely populated countries in Europe have similar recycling habits. For example, Finland and the Netherlands each value the concept of environmental protection. The countries that are still landfilling, lack both the institutional capacity and levels of public awareness to make meaningful change. These include both densely and sparsely populated countries, like Malta (high density and poor recycling) and Romania (low density and poor recycling). The trend in the entire European Union, however, is moving steadily toward an end to landfilling, with an uptick in recycling and a growing surge in waste-to-energy initiatives.

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2018-09-14T19:01:35+00:00By |Categories: Europe, Word Wide Recycling|0 Comments

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