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从垃圾到生态系统：灾难性的Fresh Kills垃圾填埋场如何成为公众欣赏的途径。
“新鲜杀戮。”提到任何纽约人，他们会告诉你恐怖故事。 他们将描述它所造成的伤害和它所嗅到的气味。 在某个时刻，世界上最大的家庭用品项目已经开始危及创造它的人们。 但是现在，随着拟议的计划开发出一个向所有人开放的公园，事情正在转变，在下面十分之一英尺的分解垃圾上绽放。
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什么是鲜杀？
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Fresh Kills是一个垃圾填埋场，占地面积2200英亩，位于纽约州斯塔滕岛。 它具有重要意义，因为它的历史和今天为该地区建设的未来。
早在1937年，当纽约的市政焚烧炉达到最高容量时，有21个工厂建立和运行但后来由于保护计划减少了可燃物的使用而在第一次世界大战期间下降，导致一些主要焚烧炉关闭 纽约地区。 导致剩余垃圾填埋场过满，必须建立替代场地。
[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column_inner][/fusion_builder_row_inner][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” status=”published” publish_date=”” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”https://www.earthsquad.global/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/3-12.jpg” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”fixed” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=””][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”3_5″ layout=”3_5″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_image_id=”” background_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0.89)” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” undefined=”” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”40px” padding_right=”25px” padding_bottom=”40px” padding_left=”25px” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”0px” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=””]在此之后，1946年，纽约市购买了一块大约2200英亩的“无用的沼泽地”，当时仅仅是史坦顿岛的一个农业区。 该计划是暂时建立一个垃圾填埋场，以减轻在纽约市其他自治市镇的其他垃圾填埋场施加压力，同时关闭Rikers岛垃圾填埋场。
垃圾填埋计划的建立是为了服务20年，遵循垃圾和灰烬的分层机制来解决潜在的气味。 20年后，这个想法就是建立房地产。 到1955年，Fresh Kills的高度增加到25-40英尺，成为世界上最大的家庭垃圾填埋场。 随之而来的是风暴问题，迅速升级为环境灾难。[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”2_5″ layout=”2_5″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_image_id=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” status=”published” publish_date=”” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”40px” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=””][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”1_1″ layout=”1_1″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_image_id=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_title hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” content_align=”center” size=”3″ font_size=”” line_height=”” letter_spacing=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” text_color=”” style_type=”default” sep_color=”#bab8b8″]
它是如何影响该地区的？
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在垃圾填埋场运行期间，出现了问题，其中一个是它所处的潮汐沼泽。 该植物下面的底土由粘土，沙子和淤泥组成，因此是野生动植物的养育环境，但由于填埋场，产生了侵入性芦苇的单一栽培。 它是一种常见的芦苇，它有效地驱逐了所有本土植物物种，争夺空间和矿物质。 这杀死了以前在肥沃的土壤中培育的任何潜在的生物多样性。
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此外，由于他们的狗在垃圾堆里游荡，捡起细菌和感染，而这些细菌和感染也是由已经开始生活在其中的大量老鼠传播的，因此倾倒对员工造成健康危害。
此外，到1988年底，一场名为“注射器潮汐”的环境灾难冲毁了这个垃圾填埋场处理的大量垃圾; 原料废物和皮下注射器冲洗到泽西海岸和长岛海岸。 在污染损害修复方面花费了纽约100万美元，清理和泽西海岸的许多业务都因这次灾难造成的无偿收入而失利。
总体而言，减轻其他人过度填埋的垃圾填埋场最终造成的损失超过了设施的成本，造成了大量的环境干扰以及该地区每个人支付的外部成本。
2001年垃圾填埋场关闭后，由于社区的压力很大。 垃圾填埋场覆盖着厚厚的不透水帽。
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前垃圾填埋场的下一步是什么？
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今天，Fresh Kills正在变成一个公园。 在它造成和见证的所有悲剧之后，已经提出了如何进行前垃圾填埋场改造的总体规划。 曾经最高的垃圾山现在被转移到一个绿色空间，据称是“曼哈顿中央公园面积的三倍”，正如现在与45个城市机构合作的建筑师詹姆斯角所声称的那样。 项目生活。
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正如垃圾填埋场长大的该地区的居民Cat Field所指出的那样，“我们不应该把垃圾放在那里，但是我们做了，现在是时候看看我们能做些什么了。 所以，让我们看看它会发生什么。“
尽管这是一次利用失地的绝佳尝试，但该地区曾经培育过的多样性永远不会被赎回，但纽约市区正在朝着正确的方向迈出一步，以创建一个新的生态系统，希望是一个 有朝一日可以起飞和蓬勃发展。
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一个空间开花不腐烂，但更重要的是，我们可以为未来的垃圾填埋场实现超额容量的试验。 开发出一种方法，可以在从地球中取出这么多东西后可持续地回馈一些东西。
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参考文献：
https://www.nycgovparks.org/park-features/freshkills-park
https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/oct/28/new-york-comes-clean-fresh-kills-staten-island-notorious-dumpsite
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_Kills_Landfill
https://www.citylab.com/solutions/2017/02/the-wild-comeback-of-new-yorks-legendary-landfill/516822/
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