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Do lixo ao ecossistema: como o desastroso aterro de Fresh Kills se tornou uma avenida de apreciação pública.
“Fresh Kills”. Mencione isso para qualquer nova-iorquino, e eles contarão histórias de horror. Eles descreverão o dano que ele criou e o cheiro que cheirava. A certa altura, o maior depósito de itens domésticos do mundo começou a pôr em perigo as próprias pessoas que o criaram. Mas agora, as coisas estão mudando com planos propostos para desenvolver um parque público aberto a todos, desabrochando no lixo em decomposição enterrado em dezenas de metros abaixo.
[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”2_5″ layout=”2_5″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_image_id=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_imageframe image_id=”29704|full” max_width=”” style_type=”glow” blur=”” stylecolor=”” hover_type=”zoomin” bordersize=”” bordercolor=”” borderradius=”” align=”center” lightbox=”no” gallery_id=”” lightbox_image=”” lightbox_image_id=”” alt=”” link=”” linktarget=”_self” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=””]https://www.earthsquad.global/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/8-10.jpg[/fusion_imageframe][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” status=”published” publish_date=”” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=””][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”1_1″ layout=”1_1″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_image_id=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_title hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” content_align=”center” size=”3″ font_size=”” line_height=”” letter_spacing=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” text_color=”” style_type=”default” sep_color=”#bab8b8″]
O que são mortes frescas?
[/fusion_title][fusion_builder_row_inner][fusion_builder_column_inner type=”2_5″ layout=”2_5″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” hover_type=”none” link=”” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” dimension_margin=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no” border_position=”all”][fusion_imageframe image_id=”29560|full” max_width=”” style_type=”glow” blur=”” stylecolor=”” hover_type=”zoomin” bordersize=”” bordercolor=”” borderradius=”” align=”center” lightbox=”no” gallery_id=”” lightbox_image=”” lightbox_image_id=”” alt=”” link=”” linktarget=”_self” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=””]https://www.earthsquad.global/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/1-10.jpg[/fusion_imageframe][/fusion_builder_column_inner][fusion_builder_column_inner type=”3_5″ layout=”3_5″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” hover_type=”none” link=”” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” dimension_margin=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no” border_position=”all”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=””]Fresh Kills é um aterro cobrindo a área de 2200 acres em Staten Island, NYC. É significativo por causa de sua história e do futuro que está construindo para a área hoje.
Em 1937, quando os incineradores municipais de Nova York atingiram o pico de capacidade com 21 plantas instaladas e funcionando, mas depois, diminuíram durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial devido aos programas de conservação que reduziram o uso de combustíveis, resultaram no fechamento de alguns grandes incineradores na região. região de Nova York. Resultando no enchimento excessivo dos aterros restantes, locais alternativos tiveram que ser estabelecidos.[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column_inner][/fusion_builder_row_inner][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” status=”published” publish_date=”” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”https://www.earthsquad.global/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/3-12.jpg” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”fixed” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=””][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”3_5″ layout=”3_5″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_image_id=”” background_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0.89)” background_image=”” background_position=”left top” undefined=”” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”40px” padding_right=”25px” padding_bottom=”40px” padding_left=”25px” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”0px” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”default” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=””]Depois disso, em 1946, NYC comprou uma “terra de pântano inútil”, de cerca de 2200 acres, e então apenas uma área agrícola em Staten Island. O plano era estabelecer temporariamente um aterro para aliviar as pressões que estavam sendo colocadas nos outros aterros de outros bairros de Nova York com o fechamento do aterro da Ilha Rikers.
O plano de aterro foi estabelecido para servir 20 anos, seguindo um mecanismo de camadas de lixo e cinzas para resolver o cheiro potencial. Uma vez que os 20 anos se passaram, a ideia era construir imóveis por cima. Em 1955, a altura de Fresh Kills foi aumentada para 25-40 pés, tornando-se o maior aterro sanitário do mundo para lixo doméstico. Isso veio com uma tempestade de problemas, rapidamente se transformando em desastres ambientais.[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”2_5″ layout=”2_5″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_image_id=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” status=”published” publish_date=”” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”40px” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=””][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”1_1″ layout=”1_1″ spacing=”” center_content=”no” link=”” target=”_self” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_image_id=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” hover_type=”none” border_size=”0″ border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_position=”all” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” last=”no”][fusion_title hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” content_align=”center” size=”3″ font_size=”” line_height=”” letter_spacing=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” text_color=”” style_type=”default” sep_color=”#bab8b8″]
Como isso impactou a área?
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Durante a operação do aterro, surgiram problemas, sendo um deles o pântano de maré que ele estabelece. O subsolo abaixo desta planta é composto de argila, areia e silte, portanto, era um ambiente acolhedor para a vida selvagem, mas devido ao aterro sanitário, uma monocultura de fragmentos invasivos gerou. É uma cana comum, que efetivamente expulsou todas as espécies de plantas nativas em competição por espaço e minerais. Que matou qualquer biodiversidade potencial anteriormente sendo fomentada no solo fértil.
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Além disso, a lixeira tornou-se um perigo para a saúde dos funcionários, já que seus cães vagavam pelo depósito, pegando bactérias e infecções que também eram transmitidas pela abundância de ratos que tinham começado a viver nela.
Além disso, até o final de 1988, um desastre ambiental conhecido como a Seringa da Maré lavou muito do lixo descartado neste aterro; resíduos crus e seringas hipodérmicas lavando a costa de Jersey e Long Island. Custou NYC $ 1M em reparos de danos por poluição, e a limpeza e muitos negócios em Jersey Shore perderam a receita descompensada deste desastre.
No geral, o aterro sanitário que aliviou o excesso de enchimento dos outros acabou por custar mais do que o estabelecido, causando perturbações ambientais substanciais e custos externos pagos por todos na região.
Após o fechamento do aterro em 2001, devido à intensa pressão da comunidade para fazê-lo. Os aterros foram cobertos com grossas tampas impermeáveis.
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O que vem a seguir para o antigo aterro?
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Hoje, Fresh Kills está sendo transformado em um parque público. Depois de toda a tragédia que causou e testemunhou, um plano mestre foi apresentado em como proceder com a transformação do antigo aterro. A mais alta montanha de lixo agora está sendo reencarnada em um espaço verde alegado como “três vezes maior que o Central Park de Manhattan”, como afirma James Corner, o arquiteto que está trabalhando com 45 agências da cidade agora, para trazer isso. projeto para a vida.
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Como apontado por Cat Field, um residente da área que cresceu no aterro, “Nós não deveríamos ter colocado o lixo lá, mas nós fizemos, agora é hora de ver o que podemos fazer sobre isso. Então, vamos ver o que acontece com isso.
Embora seja uma excelente tentativa de utilizar a terra perdida, a diversidade que a área uma vez promoveu nunca será redimida, mas um passo na direção certa está sendo feito e implementado pelo distrito de Nova York para gerar um novo ecossistema, esperançosamente, um que pode decolar e florescer um dia.
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Um espaço em desabrochar não apodrece mas, o mais importante, é um teste-teste dos usos que poderíamos implementar para futuros aterros que atingissem a capacidade excedente. Desenvolver um método para dar algo de volta de forma sustentável depois de tirar tanto da Terra.
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Referências:
https://www.nycgovparks.org/park-features/freshkills-park
https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/oct/28/new-york-comes-clean-fresh-kills-staten-island-notorious-dumpsite
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_Kills_Landfill
https://www.citylab.com/solutions/2017/02/the-wild-comeback-of-new-yorks-legendary-landfill/516822/
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